エボラ出血熱の感染拡大の勢いが鈍っており、この機会を捉えて、対策を進めるべきだ。
Ebola opportunity p.465
A slowdown in new cases offers a chance for control efforts to get ahead of the epidemic.
doi: 10.1038/515465b
A slowdown in new cases offers a chance for control efforts to get ahead of the epidemic.
doi: 10.1038/515465b
The US–China emissions agreement raises hopes for international cooperation on a climate accord. But it does not go far enough.
doi: 10.1038/515465a
A crowdfunded lunar mission might seem like a long shot — but there is no harm in trying.
doi: 10.1038/515466a
But challenges remain for United Nations meeting in run-up to a new 2015 emissions treaty.
doi: 10.1038/515473a
Problems with data management challenge US effort to monitor seas in real time.
doi: 10.1038/515474a
Robotic limb advances are attracting serious attention from the FDA.
doi: 10.1038/515476a
US agencies propose expanded reporting of drug-test data.
doi: 10.1038/515477a
The Public Library of Science’s open-data mandate has prompted scientists to share more data online, but not everyone is complying with the regulations.
doi: 10.1038/515478a
Local government’s closure of gift shop could doom Charles Darwin Foundation.
doi: 10.1038/515479a
別の研究者になりすまして論文を自己査読する不正行為が発覚し、査読システムの弱点が浮き彫りになった。
doi: 10.1038/515480a
深宇宙探査計画に使用できるプルトニウム238の量が残りわずかとなり、NASAは計画の再検討を余儀なくされている。
doi: 10.1038/515484a
過去2万1000年間に起こったエルニーニョ現象についての研究は、エルニーニョは気候変動に対して複雑な応答を示してきたことを示唆している。こうした応答には複数の競合する因子が関わっていて、エルニーニョの強度を変化させているらしい。
doi: 10.1038/515494a
白亜紀の地層で今回新たに発見された頭蓋骨は、大型で動きが速い、珍しい哺乳類のものである。この化石は哺乳類の進化に関する長い間の謎を解き、矛盾を解決する助けとなりそうだ。
doi: 10.1038/nature13940
今週号に掲載されている5報の論文によって、PD-1経路を遮断することで抗腫瘍免疫を回復させる治療法に反応性を示すがんの種類が増え、この治療法に最も高い反応性を示す患者の特徴が明らかにされた。
doi: 10.1038/515496a
近傍の銀河までの距離の幾何学的測定から、銀河の中心にあるブラックホールの質量が以前に計算されたよりも大きいことが示された。その結果として、他のこのようなブラックホールのほとんどについても、質量が増大することになりそうだ。
doi: 10.1038/515498a
ショウジョウバエの胚を使った研究で、Tollファミリーの受容体タンパク質が、発生中の頭尾軸の伸長に必要な方向性を持った細胞再編成を誘導していることが明らかになった。
doi: 10.1038/nature13937
今夜のご飯は何にしよう? データ解析によって、ある種の食物を選択することが、本人の健康と環境の両方を大きく益することが明らかになった。だが、こうした証拠をどう生かすかは社会に投げ掛けられた難問であり、答えが得られていない。
doi: 10.1038/nature13943
免疫細胞の発生の際には、自己反応性となりそうなT細胞は除去される。T細胞受容体に結合した共受容体のLck酵素による補充が、この負の選択における律速段階となっていることが明らかにされた。
doi: 10.1038/515502a
Growing evidence points to belowground biota as a significant contributor to aboveground diversity and functioning as well as impacting eco-evolutionary responses to environmental change; this review explores such evidence and proposes further research directions.
doi: 10.1038/nature13855
The gondwanatherians were mammals known only from teeth and some jaw fragments that lived in the southern continents alongside dinosaurs; here the entire cranium of a bizarre and badger-sized fossil mammal from the Cretaceous of Madagascar shows that gondwanatherians were related to the better-known multituberculates, a long-lived and successful group of now-extinct rodent-like mammals.
doi: 10.1038/nature13922
As incomes grow, diets change, with varying impacts on human health and the environment; here the links are examined and suggestions made for diets that both improve health and minimize environmental impacts.
doi: 10.1038/nature13959
Body axis elongation from head to tail is essential for animal development, however, the spatial cues that direct cell rearrangements relative to the anterior–posterior axis were unknown; this Drosophila study of convergent extension reveals that three Toll family receptors, expressed in overlapping stripes, modulate the contractile properties of cells to generate the polarized cell rearrangements that lead to body axis elongation.
doi: 10.1038/nature13953
A distance measurement based on observations of the hot-dust emitting region of the active galaxy NGC 4151 yields a value of 19 megaparsecs, implying a 1.4-fold increase in the dynamical mass of the galaxy’s central black hole and a corresponding correction to emission line reverberation masses of black holes in other active galactic nuclei if calibrated against NGC 4151′s dynamical mass.
doi: 10.1038/nature13914
Analysis of data obtained by probe spacecraft shows that ultrarelativistic electrons in the Van Allen radiation belts are prevented from entering a sharply defined region around the Earth, possibly owing to a combination of slow natural inward diffusion and pitch angle scattering.
doi: 10.1038/nature13956
X-ray and neutron scattering measurements and ab initio molecular dynamics calculations show that the transition from an insulating phase to a metallic phase in vanadium dioxide is driven primarily by the entropic effects of soft anharmonic lattice vibrations, or phonons, which stabilize the metallic phase.
doi: 10.1038/nature13865
A multilayer photonic structure is described that strongly reflects incident sunlight while emitting heat selectively through an atmospheric transparency window to outer space; this leads to passive cooling under direct sunlight of 5 degrees Celsius below ambient air temperature, which has potential applications in air-conditioning and energy efficiency.
doi: 10.1038/nature13883
Flash memories are essential for modern electronics; here a selenium-templated polyoxometalate is used to engineer new metal–oxide–semiconductor devices.
doi: 10.1038/nature13951
A simulation of the evolution of El Niño Southern Oscillation in the past 21,000 years in a state-of-the-art climate model shows the complex response mechanisms of El Niño to external climate forcings and poses further challenges to our understanding and projection of El Niño in the future.
doi: 10.1038/nature13963
Single-molecular-interaction-sequencing involves attaching DNA barcodes to proteins, assaying these barcoded proteins en masse in an aqueous solution, followed by immobilization in a polyacrylamide film and amplifying and analysing the barcoding DNAs—the method allows for precise protein quantification and simultaneous interrogation of molecular binding affinity and specificity.
doi: 10.1038/nature13761
The results of a clinical phase I study in metastatic urothelial bladder cancer treated with the MPDL3280A antibody show that expression of PD-L1 on tumour-infiltrating immune cells is relevant for the therapeutic response.
doi: 10.1038/nature13904
Clinical and correlative biomarker results from a phase 1 clinical trial in patients with different solid tumours are presented; the findings indicate that PD-L1 expression on tumour-infiltrating immune cells is associated with clinical response to MPDL3280A (anti-PD-L1).
doi: 10.1038/nature14011
The dynamics of T-cell responses are investigated in tumour tissue from patients with advanced melanoma who were treated with a PD-1-blocking monoclonal antibody, revealing that clinical efficacy of the treatment correlates with increased frequencies of pre-existing CD8+ T cells and PD-1 and PD-L1 expression.
doi: 10.1038/nature13954
A combination of genome-wide exome and transcriptome analysis, mass spectrometry and computational structural modelling are used here to identify immunogenic neo-antigens in two mouse tumour cancer cell lines; mice vaccinated with predicted immunogenic peptides yielded therapeutically useful cytotoxic T-lymphocyte responses.
doi: 10.1038/nature14001
A carcinogen-induced mouse tumour model is used here to show that mutant tumour-specific antigens are targets for CD8+ T-cell responses, mediating tumour regression after checkpoint blockade immunotherapy, and that these antigens can be used effectively in therapeutic vaccines; this advance potentially opens the door to personalized cancer vaccines.
doi: 10.1038/nature13988
The authors identify a specific histone variant as a memory-suppressor that is initially reduced in expression within the hippocampus during memory formation; as a memory is consolidated to the cortex, reduced histone association with specific plasticity genes is observed, promoting stabilization of the memory.
doi: 10.1038/nature13707
The Arabidopsis thaliana floral repressor FLC is epigenetically silenced by prolonged cold in a process called vernalization and then is reactivated before the completion of seed development; a histone demethylase, ELF6, is now shown to be involved in reactivating FLC in reproductive tissues, allowing the resetting of FLC expression and thus the requirement for vernalization in each generation.
doi: 10.1038/nature13722
To prime reverse transcription of Moloney murine leukaemia virus, a transfer RNA molecule must bind two regions of the retroviral RNA, the primer binding site (PBS) and primer activation signal within the U5-PBS; here, the NMR structures of the U5-PBS RNA and tRNA primer are solved, with and without the retroviral nucleocapsid protein, which remodels these regions.
doi: 10.1038/nature13709