臨床ゲノミクスの進歩のため、研究機関はデータをうまく共有する仕組みを作り上げなくてはならない。
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doi: 10.1038/490143b
doi: 10.1038/490143b
doi: 10.1038/490143a
doi: 10.1038/490144a
doi: 10.1038/490154a
doi: 10.1038/490158a
doi: 10.1038/490151a
doi: 10.1038/490153a
doi: 10.1038/490157a
doi: 10.1038/490159a
doi: 10.1038/490152a
現代の都市生活のストレスが、精神疾患の増加の原因になっている可能性がある。
doi: 10.1038/490162a
この特集では、明らかになってきたストレスと精神疾患の関連について取り上げる。
doi: 10.1038/490161a
トラウマから立ち直れる多くの人と立ち直れなくなる人との違いは、どこから来るのだろう。
doi: 10.1038/490165a
ニューロンは、ドーパミンとGABAという2種類の神経伝達物質分子を、共通の機序によって共放出できるという意外な知見は、神経系に関する我々の理解をさらに進めるものだ。
doi: 10.1038/490178a
古典的な化学反応の変形版の1つを使って、アラインと呼ばれる短寿命の化学種が作り出され、複雑な構造を持つベンゼン誘導体が簡単な前駆体から一段階合成で作れるようになった。
doi: 10.1038/490179a
カンブリア紀の節足動物の1つの化石から、珍しくも保存されていた脳と神経系が得られ、このような組織がいつ、どのようにして進化したのかという問題についての新しい手がかりが得られた。
doi: 10.1038/490180a
ノルウェーのアカシカの季節的長距離移動のパターンの観察から、アカシカの一部は辺り一帯に春が到来して植生の緑が濃くなっていく波とともに移動するが、高品質の餌が得られるのを見越してそれに先立って移動するものもいることがわかった。
doi: 10.1038/490182a
最近起こったマグニチュードが非常に大きな2つの地震について分析が行われ、大洋リソスフェアの破壊がいかに複雑なものになりうるのか、また以前の巨大地震とどう結びつくのかに加えて、こうした破壊が全球規模で地震を引き起こす仕組みが明らかになった。
doi: 10.1038/490183a
大脳皮質の特定の層でニューロンとなる細胞運命を持ったさまざまな種類の神経前駆細胞が見つかったことは、脳の発生についての50年ほど前に作られたモデルに修正が必要なことを予測させる。
doi: 10.1038/490185a
doi: 10.1038/nature11458
doi: 10.1038/nature11320
doi: 10.1038/nature11556
Arynes (aromatic systems containing, formally, a carbon–carbon triple bond) are among the most versatile of all reactive intermediates in organic chemistry. They can be ‘trapped’ to give products that are used as pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals, dyes, polymers and other fine chemicals. Here we explore a strategy that unites the de novo generation of benzynes—through a hexadehydro-Diels–Alder reaction—with their in situ elaboration into structurally complex benzenoid products. In the hexadehydro-Diels–Alder reaction, a 1,3-diyne is engaged in a [4+2] cycloisomerization with a ‘diynophile’ to produce the highly reactive benzyne intermediate. The reaction conditions for this simple, thermal transformation are notable for being free of metals and reagents. The subsequent and highly efficient trapping reactions increase the power of the overall process. Finally, we provide examples of how this de novo
doi: 10.1038/nature11518
Heat stroke is a life-threatening condition, characterized by catastrophic collapse of thermoregulation and extreme hyperthermia. In recent years, intensification of heat waves has caused a surge of heat-stroke fatalities. The mechanisms underlying heat-related pathology are poorly understood. Here we show that heat stroke triggers pervasive necrotic cell death and neurodegeneration in Caenorhabditis elegans. Preconditioning of animals at a mildly elevated temperature strongly protects from heat-induced necrosis. The heat-shock transcription factor HSF-1 and the small heat-shock protein HSP-16.1 mediate cytoprotection by preconditioning. HSP-16.1 localizes to the Golgi, where it functions with the Ca
doi: 10.1038/nature11417
The morphological and functional development of the vertebrate nervous system is initially governed by genetic factors and subsequently refined by neuronal activity. However, fundamental features of the nervous system emerge before sensory experience is possible. Thus, activity-dependent development occurring before the onset of experience must be driven by spontaneous activity, but the origin and nature of activity in vivo remains largely untested. Here we use optical methods to show in live neonatal mice that waves of spontaneous retinal activity are present and propagate throughout the entire visual system before eye opening. This patterned activity encompassed the visual field, relied on cholinergic neurotransmission, preferentially initiated in the binocular retina and exhibited spatiotemporal correlations between the two hemispheres. Retinal waves were the primary source of activity in the midbrain and primary visual cortex, but only modulated ongoing activity in secondary visual areas. Thus, spontaneous retinal activity is transmitted through the entire visual system and carries patterned information capable of guiding the activity-dependent development of complex intra- and inter-hemispheric circuits before the onset of vision.
doi: 10.1038/nature11529
The response of cortical neurons to a sensory stimulus is modulated by the context. In the visual cortex, for example, stimulation of a pyramidal cell's receptive-field surround can attenuate the cell’s response to a stimulus in the centre of its receptive field, a phenomenon called surround suppression. Whether cortical circuits contribute to surround suppression or whether the phenomenon is entirely relayed from earlier stages of visual processing is debated. Here we show that, in contrast to pyramidal cells, the response of somatostatin-expressing inhibitory neurons (SOMs) in the superficial layers of the mouse visual cortex increases with stimulation of the receptive-field surround. This difference results from the preferential excitation of SOMs by horizontal cortical axons. By perturbing the activity of SOMs, we show that these neurons contribute to pyramidal cells' surround suppression. These results establish a cortical circuit for surround suppression and attribute a particular function to a genetically defined type of inhibitory neuron.
doi: 10.1038/nature11526
doi: 10.1038/nature11511
doi: 10.1038/nature11562
doi: 10.1038/nature11520
doi: 10.1038/nature11492
doi: 10.1038/nature11504
doi: 10.1038/nature11420
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doi: 10.1038/nature11466
doi: 10.1038/nature11401
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doi: 10.1038/nature11415
doi: 10.1038/nature11398
doi: 10.1038/nature11419