実際のデータに基づいた幹細胞治療の開発を促進するためには、臨床試験をもっと行いやすくすべきだ。
Preventive therapy p.147
Stem-cell trials must be made easier, so that treatments can be based on real data.
doi: 10.1038/494147b
Volume 494 Number 7436
今週のハイライト
Cover Story: 2度の大当たり：小惑星第4番ベスタを形作った2回にわたる惑星規模の衝突
地球: マリオン海膨の形成
創薬: 将来役立ちそうなオートファジー誘導因子
量子情報科学: 機能性ハイブリッド量子系
化学: 新種の単純なエナンチオ選択的触媒
気候: 中期ブリュンヌの気候遷移は実在しなかった？
進化: 初期の四肢類では椎骨構造が逆さま？
生態: 生物多様性はどのように疾患と闘うのか
脳: 大脳基底核細胞の活動を神経画像化によりとらえる
発生: 発生中の目には光が不可欠
細胞: 肝幹細胞を目覚めさせる
目次
Editorials
EU予算協議がようやく合意に達したが、科学予算の詳細がどうなるか、今後の折衝から目を離してはならない。
A deal on the horizon p.147
Leaders have finally thrashed out the European Union budget for the next seven years. But how much money will go to research is yet to be confirmed.
doi: 10.1038/494147a
巨大暴風雨などの被害を防ぐには、単なるインフラ整備にとどまらず、包括的な備えが必要だ。
Damage control p.148
Planning for extreme events must incorporate not just infrastructure but societal preparedness.
doi: 10.1038/494148a
News
インフルエンザ流行状況を予測するグーグル社の指標に、今年は実態との大きなずれが。
When Google got flu wrong p.155
US outbreak foxes a leading web-based method for tracking seasonal flu.
doi: 10.1038/494155a
研究者間でのデータ共有が進むことにより、珍しい遺伝性疾患の診断が容易に。
Data barriers limit genetic diagnosis p.156
Tools for data-sharing promise to improve chances of connecting mutations with symptoms of rare diseases.
doi: 10.1038/494156a
米国の科学機関が、大幅な予算削減を覚悟し、備えを。
Science agencies prepare for cuts p.158
Scientists already feeling the bite of US budget sequester.
doi: 10.1038/494158a
EUが、研究・イノベーション促進計画「ホライズン2020」の規模を縮小へ。
Europe scales back research plans p.159
Leaders propose 13% cut to commission's proposals.
doi: 10.1038/494159a
合成生物学による安価な抗マラリア薬の供給に、期待が。
Malaria drug made in yeast causes market ferment p.160
Synthetic biology delivers combination therapies into an uncertain market.
doi: 10.1038/494160a
論文著者が費用を負担する、迅速な「独立型」査読システムを、米企業が立ち上げへ。
Company offers portable peer review p.161
Author-pays service cuts down on redundant reviews.
doi: 10.1038/494161a
News Features
自然災害：ニューヨーク 対 大西洋
Natural hazards: New York vs the sea p.162
ハリケーン「サンディ」による被災を契機に、この全米一の大都会を洪水から守ろうと、市当局と科学者が対策を考え始めている。
doi: 10.1038/494162a
バイオテクノロジー：カウボーイ文化
Stem cells in Texas: Cowboy culture p.166
テキサス州のバイオ企業が認可されていない幹細胞治療を行い、物議を醸している。
doi: 10.1038/494166a
News & Views
神経科学：行くべきか、行かざるべきか
Neuroscience: To go or not to go p.178
脳の基底核にある2つの平行経路を含むニューロンは順番に動き出し、次いで停止するというやり方ではなく、同時に働いて複雑な運動課題を完遂することが、実験により明らかになった。
doi: 10.1038/nature11856
非対称合成：ホウ素中心でのリレー触媒作用
Asymmetric synthesis: Relay catalysis at a boron centre p.179
ホウ素錯体は、炭化水素モチーフであるアリル基の「活性化イミン」への付加を触媒する。この反応は、リレーに似た過程を経て行われ、合成に有用な化合物の鏡像異性体が片方だけ得られる。
doi: 10.1038/494179a
細胞生物学：ウイルスが教えてくれたお役立ち知識
Cell biology: Beneficial lessons from viruses p.181
病原体は、宿主の抗微生物応答を邪魔するために、オートファジーなどのさまざまな機序を進化させてきた。今回、このような機序についての知識を使って、オートファジー誘導性のペプチドが作製された。これは治療に役立つと考えられる。
doi: 10.1038/nature11947
地球科学：マントルの組成変動は海膨隆起につながる
Earth science: All rise for the case of the missing magma p.182
インド洋の海嶺の1つについての詳細な地質学的解析から、地球マントルに見られる組成の変動は、海嶺に沿った海膨の隆起に意外にも重要な役割を持っていることが示唆された。
doi: 10.1038/nature11950
Review
生化学：Gタンパク質共役受容体の分子的特徴
Molecular signatures of G-protein-coupled receptors p.185
A systematic investigation of high-resolution G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) structures uncovers a conserved inter-helical network of non-covalent contacts that defines the GPCR fold, and provides insights into the molecular determinants of different GPCR conformations.
doi: 10.1038/nature11896
Articles
地球：マリオン海膨を支える枯渇したマントルの証拠としての薄い地殻
Thin crust as evidence for depleted mantle supporting the Marion Rise p.195
Systematic sampling along the Marion Rise of the Southwest Indian Ridge reveals that its crust is discontinuous and thin, indicating that the rise is supported by low-density depleted mantle beneath it.
doi: 10.1038/nature11842
創薬：オートファジーを誘導する治療用ペプチド候補の同定
Identification of a candidate therapeutic autophagy-inducing peptide p.201
A cell-permeable peptide is constructed that is derived from a region of an essential autophagy protein called beclin 1; the peptide is a potent inducer of autophagy in mammalian cells and in vivo in mice, and is effective in the clearance of several viruses.
doi: 10.1038/nature11866
Letters
宇宙：惑星規模の衝突のモデルによって明らかになった小惑星4番ベスタの構造
The structure of the asteroid 4 Vesta as revealed by models of planet-scale collisions p.207
Three-dimensional simulations of the global evolution of asteroid 4 Vesta under two overlapping planet-scale collisions closely reproduce its observed shape; but expected large areas of olivine-rich rocks and pure diogenites are not observed on the surface, possibly implying that the outer ~100 km is composed mainly of a basaltic crust (eucrites) with ultramafic intrusions (diogenites).
doi: 10.1038/nature11892
量子情報科学：微小機械共振器によるハイブリッド回路共振器量子電気力学
Hybrid circuit cavity quantum electrodynamics with a micromechanical resonator p.211
The properties of a quantum bit coupled to both a microwave cavity and a phonon mode in a micromechanical resonator suggest that such systems may allow for storage of quantum information in long-lived phonon states and read-out via microwave photons, with applications in quantum information control.
doi: 10.1038/nature11821
化学：アミンおよびアルコールのエナンチオ選択的合成向けの触媒としての単純な有機分子
Simple organic molecules as catalysts for enantioselective synthesis of amines and alcohols p.216
A set of small organic molecules catalyse reactions of unsaturated organoboron reagents with imines and carbonyls to produce amines and alcohols in high enantiomeric purity efficiently, speedily and at low cost through sustainable protocols.
doi: 10.1038/nature11844
気候：日射によって南大洋の対流と深海水温に誘導された中期ブリュンヌ遷移
Insolation-induced mid-Brunhes transition in Southern Ocean ventilation and deep-ocean temperature p.222
Model simulations show that in response to insolation changes only, southern westerlies and feedbacks between sea ice, temperature, evaporation and salinity caused vigorous Southern Ocean ventilation and cooler deep ocean during the interglacials before the mid-Brunhes transition, suggesting that this transition may in fact have resulted from a series of individual interglacial responses to various combinations of insolation conditions.
doi: 10.1038/nature11790
進化：最も初期のステム群四肢類の椎骨構造
Vertebral architecture in the earliest stem tetrapods p.226
X-ray synchrotron microtomography has revealed the three-dimensional vertebral architecture of Ichthyostega, and other crucial and celebrated early tetrapods; a surprising feature is the relationship between the vertebral elements, with the pleurocentra unexpectedly attached to the succeeding intercentrum, suggesting a ‘reverse’ rhachitomous design.
doi: 10.1038/nature11825
生態：生物多様性は宿主群集の感染受容能の予測可能な変化を介して疾患を減少させる
Biodiversity decreases disease through predictable changes in host community competence p.230
A combination of extensive field surveys and realistic experiments involving an amphibian disease system reveals that biodiversity reduces pathogen transmission due to a predictable link between species richness and the ability of communities to support infection.
doi: 10.1038/nature11883
遺伝：酵母の交雑によって見つかった、「欠けている」遺伝率の起因
Finding the sources of missing heritability in a yeast cross p.234
In a cross between two yeast strains, detected loci are found to explain nearly the entire additive contribution to heritable variation for a number of quantitative traits.
doi: 10.1038/nature11867
脳：行動開始時に見られる線条体直接路と間接路の同時活性化
Concurrent activation of striatal direct and indirect pathways during action initiation p.238
In mice performing an operant task, increases in neural activity in direct- and indirect-pathway spiny projection neurons (SPNs) are associated with action initiation but not with inactivity, and concurrent activation of SPNs from both pathways in one hemisphere precedes the initiation of contraversive movements.
doi: 10.1038/nature11846
発生：胎仔での直接的およびメラノプシン依存的な光応答がマウスの目の発生を調節する
A direct and melanopsin-dependent fetal light response regulates mouse eye development p.243
During retinal vascular development there is simultaneous regression of the hyaloid vasculature and formation of the retinal vasculature; here it is demonstrated that regression of developing vasculature is light dependent and acts via the photoreceptor melanopsin.
doi: 10.1038/nature11823
細胞：Wntが促進する再生によって誘導される単一のLgr5+肝幹細胞のin vitroでの増殖
In vitro expansion of single Lgr5+ liver stem cells induced by Wnt-driven regeneration p.247
A mouse model of liver damage has identified a population of Lrg5+ liver stem cells that can generate hepatoctyes and bile ducts in vivo.
doi: 10.1038/nature11826
がん：メラノーマで見られるベムラフェニブ耐性のモデルが示す薬剤耐性を未然に防ぐ戦略
Modelling vemurafenib resistance in melanoma reveals a strategy to forestall drug resistance p.251
BRAF inhibitors such as vemurafenib have shown promising effects in patients with BRAF-mutant melanomas, but the tumours generally develop resistance; vemurafenib-resistant melanomas are now shown to be drug dependent, and an intermittent dosing schedule can help prevent drug resistance.
doi: 10.1038/nature11814
医学：ビグアナイド剤はサイクリックAMP産生を低下させて肝臓のグルカゴンシグナル伝達を抑制する
Biguanides suppress hepatic glucagon signalling by decreasing production of cyclic AMP p.256
Biguanides such as metformin, which is the most widely prescribed drug for type-2 diabetes, are shown to antagonize the actions of glucagon by decreasing the levels of cyclic AMP.
doi: 10.1038/nature11808
免疫：T-betの段階的発現は、CCR6−RORγt+自然リンパ球の細胞運命と機能を制御する
A T-bet gradient controls the fate and function of CCR6− RORγt+ innate lymphoid cells p.261
The graded expression of the transcription factor T-bet in CCR6−RORγt+ innate lymphoid cells is found to be involved in the control of interferon-γ expression, a cytokine that is required to protect the epithelial barrier against Salmonella infections.
doi: 10.1038/nature11813
プロテオミクス：量的形質の解析に使用できる、酵母プロテオームの完全な質量分析マップ
A complete mass-spectrometric map of the yeast proteome applied to quantitative trait analysis p.266
High-throughput peptide synthesis and mass spectrometry are used to generate a near-complete reference map of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae proteome; two versions of the map (supporting discovery- and hypothesis-driven proteomics) are then applied to a protein-based quantitative trait locus analysis.
doi: 10.1038/nature11835
