With high numbers of postdocs emerging from universities, prospective PhD students must be prepared for the fact that they will probably not end up with a career in research.
doi: 10.1038/513005a
A new section of Nature examines the software and websites that make research easier.
doi: 10.1038/513006b
The discovery of our Galaxy’s place in the Universe adds detail to our address.
doi: 10.1038/513006a
Testing drugs in the middle of deadly disease outbreak is challenging but can be done.
doi: 10.1038/513013a
Studies of brewing weather event test understanding of past and future climate.
doi: 10.1038/513015a
Authorities in Swiss canton blaze a trail by factoring the risk into hazard planning.
doi: 10.1038/513016a
Scientists, politicians and business leaders will discuss practicalities of a regional network.
doi: 10.1038/513018a
将来を嘱望される科学者が、研究生活に見切りをつけて向かう先は、どこなのだろうか。
doi: 10.1038/513020a
電子たばこの効果と危険性については、データが不十分で、科学者の間でも意見が分かれている。
doi: 10.1038/513024a
コンピューターモデルによって、地球内部から生じた高温の物質にプレートテクトニクスが影響を与え、地球の地形に予想外の不規則性を生じさせ、また大陸プレートの破壊を助ける仕組みが明らかにされた。
doi: 10.1038/513036a
現生魚類についての大がかりな実験と形態学的研究から、初期の「四肢魚」が鰭のある水生動物から陸上を歩行する四肢動物に移行するのを、発生可塑性が助けた仕組みと考えられるものが明らかになった。
doi: 10.1038/nature13743
細胞死経路に必須のタンパク質であるRIPK1が、体の上皮細胞障壁の維持にも関わっていることが分かった。この知見は、細胞の死と生存は別々の因子によって調節されているという考え方に疑問を投じるものだ。
doi: 10.1038/513038a
ゲノム編集を行ってから塩基配列を解読する方法を使って、生細胞中のヒトDNAの複数の領域の全変異が操作・解析され、それぞれの構成成分であるヌクレオチド分子の機能に関する手がかりが得られた。
doi: 10.1038/nature13659
銀河とその運動速度の三次元マップの解析によって、我々が暮らしている大規模な銀河系の、これまで不明だった境界が明らかにされ、ラニアケア超銀河団と名付けられた。
doi: 10.1038/513041a
蛍光標識は細胞内でRNA分子を追跡するのに非常に有用であることが分かっている。そのような標識の1つ、つまり色素と結合すると蛍光を出すようなRNAモチーフについて、2組の結晶構造が明らかにされた。これは、もっと有用なマーカーの開発を助けると考えられる。
doi: 10.1038/513042a
The intertropical convergence zone, where global rainfall is greatest, is a narrow belt of clouds usually centred about six degrees north of the Equator; this Review links its migrations on various timescales to the atmospheric energy balance.
doi: 10.1038/nature13636
The most primitive extant bony fish, Polypterus, exhibits adaptive plasticity for life on land when raised on land rather than in water, suggesting that environmentally induced phenotypic plasticity might have facilitated the macroevolutionary transition to life on land.
doi: 10.1038/nature13708
Invasion of the gut by oral bacteria in liver cirrhosis.
doi: 10.1038/nature13568
The translation of many messenger RNAs that encode important oncogenes and transcription factors depends on the eIF4A RNA helicase to resolve G-quadruplex structures, implying eIF4A inhibition as an effective cancer therapy.
doi: 10.1038/nature13485
Examination of a three-dimensional map of galaxies and their velocities shows a surface bounding the motions of galaxies that are inward after removal of the mean cosmic expansion and long-range flows; the galaxies within this surface lie within our home supercluster.
doi: 10.1038/nature13674
The discovery of two stable peaks at frequencies with a ratio of 3:2 in the power spectrum of X-ray emission from the brightest X-ray source in galaxy M82 suggests that, if the relationship between frequency and mass that holds for stellar-mass black holes can be extended to intermediate masses, the black hole believed to be the source of the emission has a mass approximately 400 times that of the Sun.
doi: 10.1038/nature13710
Inclusions dissolved in a colloidal membrane assemble into highly uniform finite-sized liquid droplets or rafts consisting of thousands of molecules.
doi: 10.1038/nature13694
Microbial community responses in soils from the Arctic to the Amazon often enhance the longer-term temperature sensitivity of respiration, particularly in soils with high carbon-to-nitrogen ratios and in soils from cold regions, suggesting that carbon stored in Arctic and boreal soils could be more vulnerable to climate warming than currently predicted.
doi: 10.1038/nature13604
Three-dimensional numerical models of the interaction of a mantle plume with a rheologically realistic lithosphere predict complex surface evolution very different from the smooth, radially symmetric patterns usually assumed to be the signature of a mantle upwelling, with strongly asymmetric small-scale three-dimensional features such as rifts and linear fault structures.
doi: 10.1038/nature13703
RIPK1 is shown to have a crucial role—independent of its known kinase function—in suppressing epithelial cell apoptosis and necroptosis in mice, thereby regulating homeostasis and preventing inflammation in barrier tissues.
doi: 10.1038/nature13608
This study provides evidence for a critical role of RIPK1 in suppressing caspase-8-mediated cell death and maintaining intestinal homeostasis independently of its kinase activity.
doi: 10.1038/nature13706
Many patients with cancer experience cachexia, a wasting disorder of adipose tissue and skeletal muscle that leads to weight loss and frailty; now, tumour-derived parathyroid-hormone-related protein has been shown to stimulate the expression of genes involved in heat production in adipose tissues and to have an important role in tissue wasting.
doi: 10.1038/nature13528
BRAF mutations occur frequently in melanomas, but patients generally develop resistance to agents targeting mutant BRAF; now, the persistent formation of the translation initiation complex eIF4F has been described as an indicator of multiple mechanisms of resistance that arise in BRAF-mutated tumours and as a promising therapeutic target.
doi: 10.1038/nature13572
Gain-of-function mutations in isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) are among the most common genetic alterations in intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (IHCC), a deadly cancer of the liver bile ducts; now mutant IDH is shown to block liver cell differentiation through the suppression of HNF-4α, a master regulator of hepatocyte identity and quiescence, leading to expansion of liver progenitor cells primed for progression to IHCC.
doi: 10.1038/nature13441
Using a new method to estimate DNA methylation turnover rate, embryonic stem cells are shown to lack clonal transmission of methylation but still maintain a stable epigenetic state, whereas somatic cells transmit methylation clonally but lose epigenetic state coherence owing to the persistence of accumulated methylation errors.
doi: 10.1038/nature13458
The authors perform saturation mutagenesis of genomic regions in their native endogenous chromosomal context by using CRISPR/Cas9 RNA-guided cleavage and multiplex homology-directed repair; its utility is demonstrated by measuring the effects of hundreds to thousands of genomic edits to BRCA1 and DBR1 on splicing and cellular fitness, respectively.
doi: 10.1038/nature13695
The X-ray crystal structure of human GPR40 receptor in the presence of TAK-875, an orally available, potent and selective human GPR40 agonist.
doi: 10.1038/nature13494
