Volume 500 Number 7463

Editorial

すでに広く利用されている治療法の臨床試験であっても、被験者にはあらゆる危険性を確実に知らせるべきだ。

Subject to question p.377

Even when conducting clinical trials to study widely used therapies, researchers must ensure that they disclose the full risks to patients.

doi: 10.1038/500377a

News

ニューヨーク市が、飲料水を悪天候による被害から守るため、気象予報を取り入れた先駆的システム導入へ。

Forecasts turn tide on silt p.385

New York pioneers system to protect drinking water from adverse weather events.

doi: 10.1038/500385a

研究論文のオープンアクセスが激増し、2011年度では約半数に。

Half of 2011 papers now free to read p.386

Boost for advocates of open-access research articles.

doi: 10.1038/500386a

大きな角を持つソアイヒツジは、確かに繁殖には有利だが、短命なことが明らかに。

Big horns clash with longevity in sheep p.387

Gene for small horns lowers sexual fitness but boosts lifespan.

doi: 10.1038/500387a

期待されていた改革の逆戻りが、ルーマニアの科学に手痛い打撃を。

Romanian science in free fall p.388

Researchers rue the reversal of positive reforms.

doi: 10.1038/500388a

米国で、規制の抜け穴を活用して、いくつもGM作物の研究が。

US regulation misses some GM crops p.389

Gaps in oversight of transgenic technologies allow scientists to test the waters for speciality varieties.

doi: 10.1038/500389a

News Features

幹細胞:卵子を生み出したエンジニア

Stem cells: Egg engineers p.392

日本の研究者たちが、実験室での卵子と精子の作製に成功したが、これを安全かつ倫理的に利用するにはどうするかが、今後の課題である。

doi: 10.1038/500392a

News & Views

植物科学:電気を使う防御系

Plant biology: Electric defence p.404

植物では、草食動物や機械的力などによって損傷を受けると電気シグナルが生じることが分かった。このシグナルは、2個のグルタミン酸受容体様タンパク質によって仲介され、離れた場所で局所的な防御応答を引き起こす。

doi: 10.1038/500404a

宇宙物理学:きらめく星たち

Astrophysics: Twinkling stars p.405

星の光度の変動と星の表面での重力加速度の間には相関性があることが観測されている。そのため、こうした加速度を25%を上回る精度で測定することができる。

doi: 10.1038/500405a

生物工学:光を使ってゲノムをプログラムする

Biotechnology: Programming genomes with light p.406

改変ヌクレアーゼを使うゲノム編集と光遺伝学という2つの手法を組み合わせることで、標的の遺伝子を光によって調節するための広く使える方法が開発された。

doi: 10.1038/500406a

物性物理学:完全に一致する三重点

Condensed-matter physics: A solid triple point p.408

二酸化バナジウムで2つの絶縁相と1つの伝導相が共存する三重点が観測され、この材料における電子相関の役割を明らかにするのに役立ちそうな物理的性質が明らかになった。

doi: 10.1038/500408a

代謝:動かすための甘い誘惑

Metabolism: Sweet enticements to move p.409

既存の血管からの新しい血管の形成は、入念に組織化された過程である。解糖による糖代謝が、このような調節に関わっていることが今回明らかになった。

doi: 10.1038/nature12549

生態学:個体数が多いと入れ子になる

Ecology: Abundant equals nested p.411

生態系ネットワークの構造が種の共存、群集の安定性や擾乱によってどのような影響を受けるのかは、議論が続いている問題である。入れ子構造に相関する性質で見逃されてきたものの1つは、種の個体数らしい。

doi: 10.1038/500411a

進化生物学:腸内微生物と種の隔離

Evolutionary biology: A gut feeling for isolation p.412

動物とその腸内に常在する微生物との間の関係がもたらす広範囲にわたる影響は、だんだんに明らかになってきている。新たな知見によって、こうした関係は種の隔離を維持する障壁まで作り出すことが分かった。

doi: 10.1038/500412a

Articles

がん:ヒトのがんにおける変異過程のシグネチャー

Signatures of mutational processes in human cancer p.415

An analysis of mutations from over 7,000 cancers of diverse origins reveals the diversity of mutational processes underlying the development of cancer; more than 20 distinct mutational signatures are described, some of which are present in many cancer types, notably a signature attributed to the APOBEC family of cytidine deaminases, whereas others are specific to individual tumour types.

doi: 10.1038/nature12477

植物科学:GLUTAMATE RECEPTOR-LIKE遺伝子は葉から葉への傷害シグナル伝達を仲介する

GLUTAMATE RECEPTOR-LIKE genes mediate leaf-to-leaf wound signalling p.422

Upon wounding, plants mount a systemic response resulting in the production of jasmonates, hormones that confer resistance to herbivores; here we identify genes necessary for the electrical activity that leads to jasmonate synthesis far from the wound itself.

doi: 10.1038/nature12478

Letters

宇宙:星の光度変動と表面重力の間の観測的な相関関係

An observational correlation between stellar brightness variations and surface gravity p.427

An analysis of archival data reveals an observational correlation between stellar brightness variations and surface gravity, allowing a determination of surface gravity with a precision of better than 25 per cent for inactive Sun-like stars at main-sequence to giant stages of evolution.

doi: 10.1038/nature12419

物理:VO2の金属絶縁体転移点における固体三重点の測定

Measurement of a solid-state triple point at the metal–insulator transition in VO2 p.431

The precise location of a solid-state triple point, at which three solid phases coexist in thermal equilibrium, has been determined by controlling the stress and temperature in a nanobeam of vanadium dioxide near its metal–insulator transition.

doi: 10.1038/nature12425

フォトニクス:有機光起電力デバイスでの再結合の速度論的制御におけるスピンの役割

The role of spin in the kinetic control of recombination in organic photovoltaics p.435

The interplay of spin, energetics and delocalization of the electronic excitations are shown to create a spin blockade of electron–hole recombination in organic photovoltaic cells, resulting in high quantum efficiencies.

doi: 10.1038/nature12339

気候:局地的な軌道強制力による西南極の退氷時の温暖化の開始

Onset of deglacial warming in West Antarctica driven by local orbital forcing p.440

An annually resolved ice-core record from West Antarctica indicates that warming driven by local insolation resulting from sea-ice decline began in that region about 2,000 years before warming in East Antarctica, reconciling two alternative explanations for deglacial warming in the Southern Hemisphere.

doi: 10.1038/nature12376

発生進化学:主竜類進化で起こった指の減少、および選択と制約との相互作用

Digit loss in archosaur evolution and the interplay between selection and constraints p.445

Research on the Nile crocodile and five birds shows that limb evolution is shaped by an interplay between natural selection and developmental constraints, the outcome varying between different digits, and between embryos and adults.

doi: 10.1038/nature12336

生態:生態系相利共生ネットワークの構造特性および動態特性の出現

Emergence of structural and dynamical properties of ecological mutualistic networks p.449

Cooperation among species tends to result in mutualistic networks with a nested structure, which is thought to increase biodiversity and persistence but may be less stable than unstructured networks: here nested networks are shown to result from a mechanism that maximizes species abundances in mutualistic communities, and the abundance of nested species is found to be directly linked to the resilience of the community.

doi: 10.1038/nature12438

進化遺伝学:ヒルガタワムシ類Adineta vagaでの非減数分裂的な進化を裏付ける、ゲノミクスから得られた証拠

Genomic evidence for ameiotic evolution in the bdelloid rotifer Adineta vaga OPEN p.453

The genome of the asexual rotifer Adineta vaga lacks homologous chromosomes; instead, its allelic regions are rearranged and sometimes found on the same chromosome in a palindromic fashion, a structure reminiscent of the primate Y chromosome and of other mitotic lineages such as cancer cells.

doi: 10.1038/nature12326

細胞生物学:オキシトシンは高速発火型(FS)介在ニューロンの調節を通じて海馬発火伝達を強化する

Oxytocin enhances hippocampal spike transmission by modulating fast-spiking interneurons p.458

Oxytocin is shown to sharpen neuronal network activity by increasing fast-spiking interneuron activity.

doi: 10.1038/nature12330

生物物理:セラミド-1-リン酸輸送タンパク質による非小胞性輸送はエイコサノイドを調節する

Non-vesicular trafficking by a ceramide-1-phosphate transfer protein regulates eicosanoids p.463

A human lipid transfer protein (GLTPD1, named here CPTP) is shown to regulate eicosanoid production by mediating the intermembrane transfer of the phosphorylated sphingolipid ceramide-1-phosphate through a non-vesicular transport mechanism elucidated by structural, functional and biological data.

doi: 10.1038/nature12332

細胞生物学:ヒストンH4リシン16アセチルトランスフェラーゼhMOFはオートファジーの結果を調節する

The histone H4 lysine 16 acetyltransferase hMOF regulates the outcome of autophagy p.468

Induction of autophagy is coupled to reduction of histone H4 lysine 16 acetylation through downregulation of the histone acetyltransferase hMOF, showing that histone modifications regulate the outcome of autophagy.

doi: 10.1038/nature12313

生物工学:哺乳類における内因的な転写およびエピジェネティック状態の光制御

Optical control of mammalian endogenous transcription and epigenetic states p.472

Here the customizable TALE DNA-binding domain was integrated with the light-sensitive cryptochrome 2 protein and its interacting partner (CIB1) from Arabidopsis thaliana, thereby creating an optogenetic two-hybrid system called light-inducible transcriptional effectors (LITEs); the LITE system establishes a novel mode of optogenetic control of endogenous transcription and epigenetic states.

doi: 10.1038/nature12466

遺伝:ヒトゲノムの動的なDNAメチル化の全体像を描く

Charting a dynamic DNA methylation landscape of the human genome p.477

Whole-genome bisulphite sequencing data from diverse human cell and tissue types shows that only about 22% of CpGs change their methylation state across these cell types; most of these CpGs are located at gene regulatory elements, particularly enhancers and transcription-factor-binding sites, and these selected regions with dynamic DNA methylation patterns could help to define putative regulatory elements further.

doi: 10.1038/nature12433

生物物理:RecBCDによるDNA巻き戻しの不均一性は、静止状態の分子が作り出す平衡状態から生じる

DNA unwinding heterogeneity by RecBCD results from static molecules able to equilibrate p.482

The bacterial RecBCD helicase/nuclease shows broad, and apparently static, heterogeneity in the unwinding rate manifest by individual molecules: here it is shown that transiently halting an enzyme during processive translocation allows for a change, most likely conformational, such that the velocity of the molecule after pausing can fall anywhere within the spectrum of rates seen for a population.

doi: 10.1038/nature12333

構造生物学:葉酸受容体による葉酸分子認識の構造的基盤

Structural basis for molecular recognition of folic acid by folate receptors p.486

Folate receptor-α (FRα) is overexpressed in many cancer cells and is therefore an important therapeutic target: here the X-ray crystal structure of folate-bound FRα is presented, revealing details of the ligand-binding pocket that may be useful in the development of small-molecule inhibitors for anticancer therapy.

doi: 10.1038/nature12327

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