科学のための動物実験だとしても、動物の権利を守るべく、最大限の配慮をしなくてはならない。

Failure of care p.187

Laboratory animals must have the very best standard of care if we are to justify their use in science. As one institution is found wanting, others should look to review their animal-welfare practices.

doi: 10.1038/504187a

アクセスの簡便さと透明性の改善が、オープンソースの特許データベースの成功のカギだ。

The patent bargain p.187

An open-source patent database highlights the need for more transparency worldwide.

doi: 10.1038/504187b

Natureの記者や編集者については、女性の割合が増えたものの、レフェリーなどはまだ女性の割合が低く、改善が必要だ。

Gender progress (?) p.188

Despite some success, the proportions of women in Nature’s pages and as referees are still too low.

doi: 10.1038/504188a

バナナに重大な被害をもたらす真菌がアフリカや中東で見つかり、南米に広がる懸念も。

Fungus threatens top banana p.195

Fears rise for Latin American industry as devastating disease hits leading variety in Africa and Middle East.

doi: 10.1038/504195a

陥没穴による被害が相次いでいるフロリダ州で、危険性予測地図作成の計画が。

Florida forecasts sinkhole burden p.196

Predictive model will map areas vulnerable to collapse.

doi: 10.1038/504196a

糖尿病治療薬に厳しい安全性が求められており、その認可までの道が険しいものに。

Diabetes drugs ride a bumpy road p.198

Safety worries hamper emerging therapies.

doi: 10.1038/504198a

作物の収量や耐性を高めるため、菌類の力を利用へ。

Food fuelled with fungi p.199

Ecologists are starting to appreciate the power of microbes to make crops hardier.

doi: 10.1038/504199a

インドで、生物多様性に富んだ山岳地域の保護をめぐって、激しい論争が。

India faces uphill battle on biodiversity p.200

Government decision to limit protection for species-rich mountains angers conservationists.

doi: 10.1038/504200a

初期宇宙は暖かく、水や生命は宇宙のごく初期にすでに存在していた可能性があるという説が。

Life possible in the early Universe p.201

Planets orbiting the first stars could have been habitable, challenging arguments for a multiverse.

doi: 10.1038/504201a

放射性同位体：医学検査の危機

Radioisotopes: The medical testing crisis p.202

医療用の放射性同位体の深刻な供給不足が懸念されており、原子炉を使わずに同位体を作製する方法の研究が続けられている。

doi: 10.1038/504202a

地球科学：火山の下で

Earth science: Under the volcano p.206

大規模噴火の源となるマントルプルームの証拠をつかもうと、地球物理学者たちが探索を試みている。

doi: 10.1038/504206a

神経科学：キス・アンド・ランよりずっと速い

Neuroscience: Faster than kiss-and-run p.220

神経接合部で起こる小胞エンドサイトーシスの超高速モードが明らかになった。これは、脳機能を支える重要な過程の1つである。従って、エンドサイトーシスについての以前からある2つのモデルには再評価が必要となりそうだ。

doi: 10.1038/nature12842

太陽系外惑星：ハビタブルゾーンの内側境界

Extrasolar planets: Inner edge of the habitable zone p.221

太陽に似た星で、ハビタブルゾーン（生命居住可能領域）内に岩石惑星を有しているものの割合は、以前に推定されていたよりも少ないらしいことが、三次元気候モデルによって示された。

doi: 10.1038/504221a

発生生物学：胚での機械作用

Developmental biology: Mechanics in the embryo p.223

初期の胚組織の形態を作り出す動きに伴って生じる内在的な機械的ストレスは、細胞運命指定に重要で、進化的に保存された役割を担っていることが示された。

doi: 10.1038/504223a

がん：抑制スイッチ

Cancer: A suppression switch p.225

マウスでは、細胞のオートファジー経路の阻害が膵臓がんの発生を促進するか、あるいは阻害するかを決めているのはp53タンパク質の状態である。この知見は、オートファジー阻害剤の臨床試験について、注意を促すものだ。

doi: 10.1038/nature12841

宇宙物理学：我らの隣人の過去を追跡

Astrophysics: Tracking our neighbours' past p.226

アンドロメダ銀河と天の川銀河を囲む平面内にある矮小銀河の集団的な動きは、理論に疑問を投げかけてきた。はるかな過去の銀河群間の相互作用が、こうした矮小銀河に影響を残したのかもしれない。

doi: 10.1038/504226a

神経科学：記憶形成がアップする時、ダウンする時

Neuroscience: The highs and lows of memory p.228

最近の経験は、記憶に正または負の影響を与えることがある。タンパク質のパルブアルブミンを発現する抑制性ニューロンの小集団が、この過程に重要な役割を持っているらしい。

doi: 10.1038/504228a

ソフトマターの物理学：強磁性流体

Soft-matter physics: Ferromagnetic ferrofluids p.229

強磁性を示す磁性粒子を含む液体を作り出すというアイデアは、これまで実現されたことがなかった。しかし今回、板状磁石を液晶中に置いたものが、こうした性質を示すことが明らかにされた。

doi: 10.1038/504229a

進化：真核生物の起源が古細菌であることは生物の基本的なドメインが2つだけだとする説を裏付ける

An archaeal origin of eukaryotes supports only two primary domains of life p.231

Accumulating evidence that the eukaryotic nuclear lineage originated from within the Archaea provides support for a tree containing only two primary domains of life—the Achaea and Bacteria—over the currently accepted ‘three-domains tree’.

doi: 10.1038/nature12779

材料科学：磁性小板の液晶懸濁液における強磁性

Ferromagnetism in suspensions of magnetic platelets in liquid crystal p.237

The idea that magnetic particles suspended in a liquid crystal might spontaneously orient into a ferromagnetic state has hitherto not been confirmed experimentally, but such a state has now been realized using nanometre-sized ferromagnetic platelets in a nematic liquid crystal.

doi: 10.1038/nature12863

神経科学：マウスの海馬シナプスで起こる超高速エンドサイトーシス

Ultrafast endocytosis at mouse hippocampal synapses p.242

Sustained neurotransmission requires recycling of synaptic vesicles, but the proposed mechanisms have been controversial; here a ‘flash-and-freeze’ method for electron microscopy reveals a new ultrafast form of endocytosis that is actin- and dynamin-dependent and occurs within 100 milliseconds of stimulation.

doi: 10.1038/nature12809

医学：マラリア根絶のためにマラリア原虫のPI(4)Kを標的とする

Targeting Plasmodium PI(4)K to eliminate malaria p.248

The lipid kinase phosphatidylinositol-4-OH kinase (PI(4)K) is identified as a target of the imidazopyrazines, a new antimalarial compound class that can inhibit several Plasmodium species at each stage of the parasite life cycle; the imidazopyrazines exert their inhibitory action by interacting with the ATP-binding pocket of PI(4)K.

doi: 10.1038/nature12782

構造生物学：ヒトGABA_B受容体でのリガンドによる活性化の構造的機構

Structural mechanism of ligand activation in human GABA_B receptor p.254

Crystallographic structural analysis of bound states of the GBR1 and GBR2 subunits of human GABAB receptor shows that both subunits adopt an open conformation at rest — represented by the apo and antagonist-bound structures — and that only GBR1 closes in the activated state — represented by the agonist-bound structure.

doi: 10.1038/nature12725

宇宙：恒星質量のブラックホール候補天体4U 1630-47の相対論的ジェットにおけるバリオン物質

Baryons in the relativistic jets of the stellar-mass black-hole candidate 4U 1630-47 p.260

Doppler-shifted X-ray emission lines from highly-ionized atoms, appearing together with radio emission from the relativistic jets of the black-hole candidate X-ray binary 4U 1630-47, indicate that the X-ray emission lines arise in a jet travelling at approximately two-thirds the speed of light and imply that the jet contains baryons.

doi: 10.1038/nature12672

量子情報科学：厳密に解ける量子通信モデル

An exactly solvable model for quantum communications p.263

An exactly solvable information-theoretical model of communications with a fully quantum electromagnetic field yields explicit expressions for all point-to-point capacities—the maximum possible rates of data transmission—of noisy quantum channels, with implications for quantum key distribution and fibre-optic communications.

doi: 10.1038/nature12669

惑星科学：地球型惑星における暴走温室効果過程の日射しきい値の増大

Increased insolation threshold for runaway greenhouse processes on Earth-like planets p.268

A three-dimensional global climate model shows that the loss of a planet’s oceans through complete vaporization or evaporative escape to space will occur at considerably higher insolation than previously thought, owing to stabilizing atmospheric effects.

doi: 10.1038/nature12827

神経科学：経験で誘導されるパルブアルブミン発現かご細胞ネットワークの可塑性が成体動物の学習を調節する

Parvalbumin-expressing basket-cell network plasticity induced by experience regulates adult learning p.272

In adult mouse hippocampus, a learning-associated plasticity mechanism may exist that depends on the configuration of parvalbumin(PV)-expressing basket cell networks; trial and error learning initially promotes a higher fraction of cells with low PV expression, whereas learning completion promotes a higher fraction of cells with high PV expression, and these opposite configurations modulate learning and the underlying structural plasticity.

doi: 10.1038/nature12866

細胞：皮膚の発生および修復においては複数の異なる繊維芽細胞系譜が皮膚構造を決める

Distinct fibroblast lineages determine dermal architecture in skin development and repair p.277

Fibroblasts constitute the major mesenchymal cell type in the connective tissue and their functions are remarkably diverse: here, by characterising lineages of mouse skin fibroblasts, it is shown that distinct subpopulations contribute to skin development and repair during injury.

doi: 10.1038/nature12783

細胞：ヒトの新しい基底状態ナイーブ型多能性幹細胞の誘導

Derivation of novel human ground state naive pluripotent stem cells p.282

doi: 10.1038/nature12745

微生物学：鞭毛成長の連鎖機構

A chain mechanism for flagellum growth p.287

Growth of a flagellum outside the bacterial cell proceeds by successive subunit acquisition from the cell export machinery to form a chain that is pulled to the flagellum tip, where subunit crystallization provides the entropic force to drive the process.

doi: 10.1038/nature12682

細胞生物学：RNAiを用いたゲノム全体にわたるハイコンテントスクリーニングによる、パーキン遺伝子上流にあるマイトファジー調節因子の同定

High-content genome-wide RNAi screens identify regulators of parkin upstream of mitophagy p.291

Mitophagy is the elimination of damaged mitochondria by the autophagosome regulated by the ubiquitin ligase, parkin and the kinase PINK1; a genome-wide RNAi screen with high-content microscopy has identified new genes that have an upstream role in parkin translocation to the mitochondria.

doi: 10.1038/nature12748

がん：p53の状態が膵臓がん形成におけるオートファジーの役割を決める

p53 status determines the role of autophagy in pancreatic tumour development p.296

In a mouse model of pancreatic tumours driven by Kras mutations, the outcome of suppressing autophagy is shown to depend on the status of p53: if p53 is intact, deletion of key autophagy genes blocks the progression of pre-cancerous lesions to aggressive carcinomas; however, in the absence of p53, loss of autophagy accelerates tumorigenesis, accompanied by deregulation of cancer cell metabolism.

doi: 10.1038/nature12865

構造生物学：膜内在型プロテアーゼRce1によるファルネシル化CAAXタンパク質の分解の仕組み

Mechanism of farnesylated CAAX protein processing by the intramembrane protease Rce1 p.301

The crystal structure of an archaeal Rce1 protein has been determined; this protein represents a novel type of intramembrane protease, with a distinct architecture and catalytic site.

doi: 10.1038/nature12754

遺伝学：クロマチン結合マップから明らかになるプロモーター–エンハンサーの長距離にわたる動的相互作用

Chromatin connectivity maps reveal dynamic promoter–enhancer long-range associations p.306

A chromatin interaction analysis with paired-end tagging (ChIA-PET) approach is used to delineate chromatin interactions mediated by RNA polymerase II in several different stem-cell populations; putative long-range promoter–enhancer interactions are inferred, indicating that linear juxtaposition does not necessarily guide enhancer target selection and prevalent cell-specific enhancer usage.

doi: 10.1038/nature12716

細胞生物学：一次繊毛は特殊化されたカルシウムシグナル伝達細胞小器官である

Primary cilia are specialized calcium signalling organelles p.311

Primary cilia are known as specialized calcium signalling compartments on the cell surface, but the ionic permeability and other physiological properties of these protrusions are unknown—this is one of two studies identifying the ion channels that densely populate primary cilia, with direct measurements revealing cilia as a unique, functionally independent calcium signalling compartment that modulates hedgehog signalling pathways.

doi: 10.1038/nature12833

細胞生物学：一次繊毛のカルシウムチャネルの直接記録と分子の同定

Direct recording and molecular identification of the calcium channel of primary cilia p.315

Primary cilia are known as specialized calcium signalling compartments on the cell surface, but the ionic permeability and other physiological properties of these protrusions are unknown—this is one of two studies identifying the ion channels that densely populate primary cilia, with direct measurements revealing cilia as a unique, functionally independent calcium signalling compartment that modulates hedgehog signalling pathways.

doi: 10.1038/nature12832