Volume 500 Number 7460

Editorials

安倍首相は、原子力や応用科学を偏重せず、科学政策に研究者の意見を取り入れるべきだ。

The test for Abenomics p.5

Japanese Prime Minister Shinzo Abe has been buoyed by election success, but he must show that his science policies take the opinions of researchers into account.

doi: 10.1038/500005a

英国の法医学を低迷から救うには、政府の速やかな対応と研究予算が必要だ。

Forensics fiasco p.5

Inconsistent standards and a lack of research investment have left UK legal science in chaos.

doi: 10.1038/500005b

News

米エネルギー省の2つの研究所が、次世代X線源計画をめぐって激しい競り合いを。

Labs vie for X-ray source p.13

California facilities respond to US panel’s call for a powerful free-electron laser.

doi: 10.1038/500013a

再現性のない生物医学論文の多さが問題になる中で、NIHが、再現性の検証方法を検討へ。

NIH mulls rules for validating key results p.14

US biomedical agency could enlist independent labs for verification.

doi: 10.1038/500014a

ヒトマイクロバイオーム計画の第一期が完了したが、第二期に向け、核となる機関が必要に。

Microbiome research goes without a home p.16

Scientists say core tools and expertise remain necessary.

doi: 10.1038/500016a

固い玄武岩層への二酸化炭素貯蔵の試験計画が。

Pilot projects bury carbon dioxide in basalt p.18

Two experiments test viability of sequestering emissions in porous layers of hard rock.

doi: 10.1038/500018a

News Features

考古学:ミルク革命

Archaeology: The milk revolution p.20

1個の遺伝子の変異によって古代ヨーロッパ人は牛乳を飲めるようになり、これが大陸に大変動をもたらした。

doi: 10.1038/500020a

News & Views

再生生物学:頭の再生を続けるには

Regenerative biology: On with their heads p.32

3つの研究チームが、扁形動物プラナリアの、正常な再生を起こせない種であっても、たった1つの細胞内シグナル伝達の変化で、潜在的な頭部再生能が復活する可能性があることを明らかにした。

doi: 10.1038/nature12458

気候科学:春と秋における海面水温の違い

Climate science: Unequal equinoxes p.33

大洋の乱流混合についての革新的な測定によって、赤道太平洋の9月の海面水温は、下方からの低温水の混合によって、3月よりも低くなっていることが分かった。

doi: 10.1038/nature12456

アルツハイマー病:ビッグデータから機序解明へ

Alzheimer's disease: From big data to mechanism p.34

APOE4遺伝子変異体は遅発性アルツハイマー病について最も広く見られる遺伝的リスク要因である。包括的な多層的研究によって、APOE4のヒトで見られる分子レベルおよび細胞レベルの特徴が明らかにされた。

doi: 10.1038/nature12457

心理学:目の前のゴリラに気付かない

Psychology: Spot the gorilla p.36

「不注意盲」、つまり人間は自分の関心のないものには全く気付かないことがあるという現象が、普通の人たちで見られることは以前から報告されてきた。今回、専門家でもこの現象を起こしやすいことが明らかになった。

doi: 10.1038/500036a

ナノテクノロジー:生きている細胞で使える極微な温度計

Nanotechnology: Tiny thermometers used in living cells p.36

ミリケルビンの感度を持つナノメートルスケールの温度計が、ダイヤモンド結晶から作製された。このデバイスは生きている細胞中の温度勾配を測定するのに使えることが分かった。

doi: 10.1038/500036b

がん:血管新生の目覚め

Cancer: Angiogenic awakening p.37

転移性腫瘍細胞はしばしば何年にもわたって休眠状態を維持する。新たな知見によって、血管の内側を覆う内皮細胞が、休眠状態から転移増殖状態への移行の調節に重要な役割を持つことが示唆された。

doi: 10.1038/nature12459

Articles

発生:哺乳類初期胚でMycが駆動する内因性の細胞競合

Myc-driven endogenous cell competition in the early mammalian embryo p.39

An in vivo genetic approach to generate mosaic expression of Myc in the mouse epiblast reveals evidence of cell competition, a tissue homeostasis mechanism first described in Drosophila by which viable but suboptimal cells are eliminated from metazoan tissues; during normal development Myc expression levels in the epiblast are heterogeneous, and endogenous cell competition refines the epiblast cell population through the apoptotic elimination of cells with low relative Myc levels.

doi: 10.1038/nature12389

医学:アルツハイマー病におけるAPOE ε4 エフェクターの統合ゲノミクスによる同定

Integrative genomics identifies APOE ε4 effectors in Alzheimer's disease p.45

Whole transcriptome differential gene co-expression correlation analysis of cerebral cortex of APOE ε4 allele carriers and late-onset Alzheimer’s disease patients reveals an APOE ε4 carrier transcription network pattern that resembles that of late-onset Alzheimer’s disease and also identifies new genes of interest for further study.

doi: 10.1038/nature12415

Letters

宇宙:金属の豊富な球状星団と乏しい球状星団との間の20億年の年代差

An age difference of two billion years between a metal-rich and a metal-poor globular cluster p.51

An absolute age of about ten billion years is determined for the globular cluster 47 Tucanae, which is about two billion years younger than the cluster NGC 6397 is thought to be, suggesting that metal-rich clusters like 47 Tucanae formed later than metal-poor clusters like NGC 6397.

doi: 10.1038/nature12334

応用物理学:生細胞におけるナノメートルスケールでの温度測定

Nanometre-scale thermometry in a living cell p.54

A nanoscale thermometry technique that uses coherent manipulation of the electronic spin associated with nitrogen–vacancy colour centres in diamond makes it possible to detect temperature variations as small as 1.8 millikelvin in ultrapure samples and to control and map temperature gradients within living cells.

doi: 10.1038/nature12373

材料科学:自己組織化した導電経路がある伸縮性ナノ粒子導体

Stretchable nanoparticle conductors with self-organized conductive pathways p.59

Stretchable conductors have many applications, from flexible electronics to medical implants; here polyurethane is filled with gold nanoparticles to give a composite with tunable viscoelastic properties arising from the dynamic self-organization of the nanoparticles under stress.

doi: 10.1038/nature12401

海洋学:海洋混合によって制御される赤道太平洋の冷舌における季節的海面冷却

Seasonal sea surface cooling in the equatorial Pacific cold tongue controlled by ocean mixing p.64

In the tropics, a strong seasonal cycle in sea surface temperature exists despite comparatively constant radiation inputs; turbulent mixing from below is now shown to control the cooling phase of the seasonal cycle in the equatorial Pacific ‘cold tongue’ at 140° W.

doi: 10.1038/nature12363

地球:マントルからの高速の結合による安山岩噴火への供給

Feeding andesitic eruptions with a high-speed connection from the mantle p.68

Diffusion modelling of nickel in mantle melts beneath a volcano reveals the short timescales of magma movement from the base of the crust to the surface in the months to years before an eruption.

doi: 10.1038/nature12342

発生:前後軸に沿ったプラナリア再生の分子機構

The molecular logic for planarian regeneration along the anterior–posterior axis p.73

More than a century ago, Thomas Hunt Morgan attempted to explain the extraordinary regenerative ability of planarians such as Dugesia japonica, which can regenerate a complete individual even from a tail fragment, by proposing that two opposing morphogenetic gradients along the anterior–posterior axis are required for regeneration; here ERK and β-catenin signalling are shown to form these gradients.

doi: 10.1038/nature12359

発生:再生能力の限られたプラナリアにおける前方領域の再生能力の回復

Restoration of anterior regeneration in a planarian with limited regenerative ability p.77

Although the capacity for tissue regeneration of planarians is exceptional, planarians with more limited regenerative capacities are known; this study of Procotyla fluviatilis, a planarian with restricted ability to replace missing tissues, shows that Wnt signalling is aberrantly regulated in regeneration-deficient tissues and that downregulation of Wnt signalling in these regions restores regenerative abilities, revealing that manipulating a single signalling pathway can reverse the evolutionary loss of regenerative potential.

doi: 10.1038/nature12403

発生:再生能力の不完全なプラナリア種での頭部再生の再活性化

Reactivating head regrowth in a regeneration-deficient planarian species p.81

Although the capacity for tissue regeneration of planarians is exceptional, planarians with more limited regenerative capacities are known; here knocking down components of the Wnt signalling pathway rescues head regeneration in the regeneration-impaired planarian Dendrocoelum lacteum, revealing that manipulating a single signalling pathway can reverse the evolutionary loss of regenerative potential.

doi: 10.1038/nature12414

神経科学:左右交互活動に関わる神経ネットワークのデュアルモード作用

Dual-mode operation of neuronal networks involved in left–right alternation p.85

A group of transcriptionally defined spinal neurons, V0 neurons, are identified as necessary for the control of normal alternation of left and right limbs in mice.

doi: 10.1038/nature12286

細胞:AIDは多能性遺伝子のエピジェネティックな記憶を除去することにより幹細胞の表現型を安定化させる

AID stabilizes stem-cell phenotype by removing epigenetic memory of pluripotency genes p.89

Fibroblasts deficient in the activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID) enzyme are shown to fail to stabilize in the pluripotent state, despite initiating the expression of pluripotency genes.

doi: 10.1038/nature12299

分子生物学:AML1–ETOオリゴマーを核にした安定な転写因子複合体が白血病発生を制御する

A stable transcription factor complex nucleated by oligomeric AML1–ETO controls leukaemogenesis p.93

A multiprotein complex containing AML1–ETO, the most common fusion protein found in acute myeloid leukaemia, is revealed and analysed in leukaemic cells, and a novel, functionally important protein-binding interface is identified.

doi: 10.1038/nature12287

生物物理:シャペロンであるトリガー因子によるタンパク質コンホメーション探索のやり直し

Reshaping of the conformational search of a protein by the chaperone trigger factor p.98

The bacterial chaperone named trigger factor is found to stabilize protein folding intermediates that eventually convert to the native state, suggesting that chaperones play a direct role in instructing protein folding.

doi: 10.1038/nature12293

構造生物学:細菌多剤排出タンパク質阻害の構造的基盤

Structural basis for the inhibition of bacterial multidrug exporters p.102

The first inhibitor-bound X-ray crystal structures of the bacterial multidrug efflux transporter AcrB and its homologue MexB are presented, with the inhibitor shown to bind the transporter through a narrow hydrophobic pit, thereby preventing rotation of AcrB and MexB monomers.

doi: 10.1038/nature12300

構造生物学:リボソームによる終止コドン読み取りの際に起こる特殊な塩基対形成

Unusual base pairing during the decoding of a stop codon by the ribosome p.107

Here, the structure of the 30S ribosomal subunit and the 70S ribosome in complex with a messenger RNA with pseudouridine in the place of uridine reveals unexpected base pairing.

doi: 10.1038/nature12302

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