Volume 500 Number 7462

Editorials

不安定な政治のオモチャにされなければ、トルコの科学はもっと発展できるだろう。

Beyond headscarf symbolism p.253

Turkey’s scientists show they no longer want to expend their energy on political confrontation, but political volatility is threatening their efforts to work in peace.

doi: 10.1038/500253a

米FDAは、食品添加物の安全性を確保するために、現行の監視システムの欠点を改善すべきだ。

In addition p.253

Conflicts of interest and gaps in data contaminate US oversight of food additives.

doi: 10.1038/500253b

News

脳への刺激で誤った記憶を作り出すことができることが報告され、倫理問題が脳研究の大きな課題に。

US brain project puts focus on ethics p.261

Unsettling research advances bring neuroethics to the fore.

doi: 10.1038/500261a

ロシアが夢を託す科学都市計画に、費用ばかりかさんで役に立たないとの批判も。

Russia pins hopes on science city p.262

But sceptics question prospects for Skolkovo commercial park.

doi: 10.1038/500262a

東ヨーロッパの3か国で、超高強度レーザー施設の建設が着々と進行中。

Europe sets sights on lasers p.264

Three eastern European countries are gearing up to host powerful light sources.

doi: 10.1038/500264a

インドが、非感染性疾患治療のコスト増大を抑制しようという姿勢を明確に。

India spurns cancer patents p.266

Nation seeks to cap high cost of drugs to treat non-infectious diseases.

doi: 10.1038/500266a

News Features

認知科学:破壊された記憶

Evidence-based justice: Corrupted memory p.268

米国の心理学者が長年続けてきた「目撃者の証言の不確かさ」の研究が、米国の司法システムの関心を集め始めている。

doi: 10.1038/500268a

News & Views

材料科学:「もっと賢いスマートウィンドウ」のための複合材料

Materials science: Composite for smarter windows p.278

電気化学的に電圧をかけると可視光や近赤外光を選択的に吸収するようになるガラスが作られた。この結果は、必要に応じて熱を遮断し、光の透過性も変化させる賢い窓、つまり「スマートウィンドウ」への道を開く。

doi: 10.1038/500278a

構造生物学:自己制御するRNA

Structural biology: RNA exerts self-control p.279

結合した2個のRNA分子の結晶構造から、調節型のリボスイッチ配列がメッセンジャーRNA発現に影響を与える仕組みの手がかりが得られた。そればかりでなく、RNAの構造と構成についての解明も進んだ。

doi: 10.1038/nature12460

遺伝子治療:出発の準備は整った

Gene therapy: Primed for take-off p.280

安全性と効果を制御する重要なパラメーターの微調整を行ったことで、遺伝子治療ではついに、臨床上の有効性を示すデータが大量に得られるようになった。ヒトの生命を脅かしかねない2つの疾患の治療からも、これを裏付ける証拠が得られている。

doi: 10.1038/500280a

量子通信:信頼性の高いテレポーテーション

Quantum communication: Reliable teleportation p.282

2つの相補的な実験によって、量子ビットの決定論的な量子テレポーテーションが実証された。この結果は、量子通信や量子計算への応用が考えられる。

doi: 10.1038/500282a

システム生物学:代謝物質は主要な調節因子であることが判明

Systems biology: Metabolite turns master regulator p.283

微生物でカタボライト抑制という現象が起こると、エネルギー的に有利である炭素供給源を第一に使えるようになる。新たな研究によって、この過程の重要なエフェクターがα-ケト酸であり、この物質の濃度が遺伝子発現を調節していることが明らかになった。

doi: 10.1038/nature12544

微生物学:細菌が戦うための武器

Microbiology: A weapon for bacterial warfare p.284

細菌は、競合する微生物の細胞内に鋭い針を使って毒素を送り込んでいて、またこうした仕組みはバクテリオファージの構造とともに進化したことが判明した。こうした知見は、細菌の分泌系についての新しい見方を示している。

doi: 10.1038/nature12545

Perspective

環境:極端な気候と炭素循環

Climate extremes and the carbon cycle p.287

The effects of climate extremes such as droughts or storms on the carbon cycle of ecosystems are investigated; such extremes can decrease regional carbon stocks.

doi: 10.1038/nature12350

Articles

遺伝:21トリソミーへの遺伝子量補償の適用

Translating dosage compensation to trisomy 21 p.296

This study uses zinc-finger nucleases to target an inducible XIST transgene into chromosome 21 from trisomic Down’s syndrome pluripotent stem cells; the XIST RNA coats one copy of chromosome 21 and triggers whole chromosome silencing, suggesting the potential of this approach for studying chromosomal disorders such as Down’s syndrome and for research into gene therapies.

doi: 10.1038/nature12394

システム生物学:サイクリックAMPシグナル伝達による細菌のプロテオームと代謝の調整

Coordination of bacterial proteome with metabolism by cyclic AMP signalling p.301

Cyclic AMP, one of the earliest discovered and most intensely studied signalling molecules in molecular biology, is widely believed to signal the carbon status in mediating catabolite repression in bacteria; here a quantitative approach reveals a much broader physiological role for cAMP signalling, whereby it coordinates the allocation of proteomic resources with the global metabolic needs of the cell, including, for example, nitrogen or sulphur.

doi: 10.1038/nature12446

構造生物学:哺乳類タンパク質合成の開始とmRNA読み取り機構

The initiation of mammalian protein synthesis and mRNA scanning mechanism p.307

Three structures of the eukaryotic small ribosomal subunit in complex with initiator tRNA, mRNA and the initiation factors eIF1 and eIF1A have been solved; these structures offer insight into the contributions of the initiation factors, the mechanism by which mRNA is scanned, and the interactions that occur in the ribosome’s P site.

doi: 10.1038/nature12355

Letters

宇宙:マグネターのX線スペクトルに見られる変動する吸収特性

A variable absorption feature in the X-ray spectrum of a magnetar p.312

The continuous-variable teleportation of a discrete-variable, photonic qubit is deterministic and allows for faithful qubit transfer even with imperfect continuous-variable entangled states: for four qubits, the overall transfer fidelities all exceed the classical limit of teleportation.

doi: 10.1038/nature12386

量子情報科学:ハイブリッド法による光子量子ビットの決定論的量子テレポーテーション

Deterministic quantum teleportation of photonic quantum bits by a hybrid technique p.315

The X-ray spectrum of the soft-γ-ray repeater SGR 0418+5729 is found to exhibit an absorption line, the properties of which depend strongly on the star’s rotational phase; this line is interpreted as a proton cyclotron feature and its energy implies a magnetic field ranging from 2 × 1014 gauss to more than 1015 gauss.

doi: 10.1038/nature12366

量子情報科学:固体系におけるフィードフォワードを用いた決定論的量子テレポーテーション

Deterministic quantum teleportation with feed-forward in a solid state system p.319

Superconducting circuits combined with real-time feed-forward electronics are used to teleport a quantum state between two macroscopic solid-state systems.

doi: 10.1038/nature12422

材料科学:ナノ結晶含有ガラス・コンポジットにおける調節可能な近赤外と可視光の透過率

Tunable near-infrared and visible-light transmittance in nanocrystal-in-glass composites p.323

By introducing tin-doped indium oxide nanocrystals into niobium oxide glass, a new transparent material is produced with tunable and spectrally selective optical switching properties.

doi: 10.1038/nature12398

気候:地域的パターンの変化にもかかわらず全球の気温の変動性は増大しない

No increase in global temperature variability despite changing regional patterns p.327

Although fluctuations in annual temperature have shown substantial geographical variation over the past few decades, which may be more difficult for society to adapt to than altered mean conditions, the time-evolving standard deviation of globally averaged temperature anomalies reveals that there has been little change.

doi: 10.1038/nature12310

進化:アフリカの長鼻類の適応的形態進化に行動が果たした役割

The role of behaviour in adaptive morphological evolution of African proboscideans p.331

To test whether a behavioural change can lead to morphological evolution, stable isotopes in tooth enamel are used to show that archaic elephants were feeding on grassland millions of years before their teeth adapted by becoming high-crowned.

doi: 10.1038/nature12275

遺伝:アブラヤシのゲノム塩基配列から明らかになった、旧世界および新世界での交配可能な種の分岐

Oil palm genome sequence reveals divergence of interfertile species in Old and New worlds OPEN p.335

The genome sequence of the African oil palm, the main source of oil production, is used to predict at least 34,802 genes, including oil biosynthesis genes; comparison with the draft sequence of the South American oil palm reveals that the two species may have diverged in the New World and that segmental duplications of chromosome arms define the palaeotetraploid origin of palm trees.

doi: 10.1038/nature12309

遺伝:アブラヤシのSHELL遺伝子は油脂の収量を支配し、SEEDSTICKのホモログをコードする

The oil palm SHELL gene controls oil yield and encodes a homologue of SEEDSTICK p.340

Genetic mapping and whole-genome sequencing studies identify the SHELL gene (a homologue of Arabidopsis SEEDSTICK) as responsible for the three different fruit forms in oil palm (Elaeis guineesis); this has important economic implications for modulating SHELL activity to breed desired fruit forms and enhance oil yields.

doi: 10.1038/nature12356

細胞:H19–Igf2遺伝子座での母方のインプリンティングは成体造血幹細胞の休止を維持する

Maternal imprinting at the H19–Igf2 locus maintains adult haematopoietic stem cell quiescence p.345

Maternal genomic imprinting is crucial for the maintenance of adult stem cells, which is accomplished by maintaining long-term haematopoietic stem cell quiescence.

doi: 10.1038/nature12303

微生物学:PAARリピートタンパク質はVI型分泌系のスパイクを鋭利にし、多様化する

PAAR-repeat proteins sharpen and diversify the type VI secretion system spike p.350

An X-ray structure of bacterial type VI secretion system components reveals that PAAR family proteins bind at the tip of the VgrG spike, providing new insights into the mechanisms of type VI secretion; experiments using bacteria confirmed the importance of PAAR proteins.

doi: 10.1038/nature12453

細胞生物学:Sp1転写因子はカスパーゼ依存性および非依存性のアポトーシス経路を連繋させる

An Sp1 transcription factor coordinates caspase-dependent and -independent apoptotic pathways p.354

Removal of cells during development in Caenorhabditis elegans requires the precise execution of cell-death programs, which can include both caspase-dependent and -independent pathways; here it is shown that a single upstream transcription factor can drive both, in parallel, to destroy a single cell.

doi: 10.1038/nature12329

細胞生物学:上皮細胞の接合部は紡錘体の平面配向を指示することで組織構造を維持する

Epithelial junctions maintain tissue architecture by directing planar spindle orientation p.359

The Drosophila tumour suppressors Scribbled and Discs large 1 are found to be essential regulators of planar spindle alignment during epithelial cell division; aberrant effects of spindle alignment are shown to be corrected through apoptosis, and the suppression of this mechanism can result in epithelial dysplasia and tumorigenesis.

doi: 10.1038/nature12335

構造生物学:TボックスリボスイッチのステムIドメインとコグネイトtRNAの複合体の共結晶構造

Co-crystal structure of a T-box riboswitch stem I domain in complex with its cognate tRNA p.363

The co-crystal structure of the T-box tRNA-binding region, stem I, bound to tRNA is solved, showing that this region not only binds the anticodon, but also cradles the entire tRNA, forming an extended interface; the two T-loop motifs of stem I mediate interactions similar to those of RNase P and the large ribosomal subunit, even though the three species do not share a common evolutionary ancestor.

doi: 10.1038/nature12440

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