Volume 506 Number 7488

Editorials

スイスが決めた移民の流入規制は、科学者の移動を妨げて科学分野に悪影響を及ぼす恐れがある。

Not so neutral p.265

Switzerland’s science landscape is under threat after a narrow majority of citizens voted for tighter immigration rules that could restrict the number of foreign scientists who work in the country.

doi: 10.1038/506265a

知的障害のある被告人を正しく守るために、科学が果たせる役割がある。

Intelligent testing p.265

Science has a part to play in ensuring protection for defendants with intellectual disabilities.

doi: 10.1038/506265b

実験用ヘリウムガスの不足を嘆く声が強いが、地質学にとっては地中にあるヘリウムが重要である。

Helium high p.266

Many bemoan the shortage of helium for the lab, but for geologists, its true value is in the ground.

doi: 10.1038/506266a

News

中国政府が、奨励金制度を導入して大気汚染対策を強化へ。

Fight against smog ramps up p.273

Chinese government to provide incentives for heavy polluters to go green, but analysts question whether its wider air-quality strategy goes far enough.

doi: 10.1038/506273a

重力レンズ効果の測定によって、失われた銀河質量の謎に答えが。

Missing galaxy mass found p.274

Gravitational lensing solves puzzle from the Big Bang’s echo.

doi: 10.1038/506274a

中国が、太平洋の海流、気候、深海生態系の関係を探る海洋研究計画を。

China plunges into ocean research p.276

Ambitious initiative targets Pacific currents, regional climate and deep-sea ecology.

doi: 10.1038/506276a

スイスの移民流入規制によってEUとスイスの間に溝ができ、「ホライズン2020」への影響も。

EU–Swiss research on shaky ground p.277

Vote for immigration quotas leads to suspension of talks over Horizon 2020 programme.

doi: 10.1038/506277a

Xプライズ財団の月面無人探査コンテストに、2015年末という期限内での目標達成の見込みは薄いとの声が。

Moon shots stuck on Earth p.278

Some Google Lunar X Prize contenders book launches for 2015 — but many say that is a stretch.

doi: 10.1038/506278a

ネパールの高等教育システムの問題点が、大学教授のハンガーストライキで明るみに。

Lone hunger striker spurs Nepal to action p.279

Country’s system of political patronage in science exposed.

doi: 10.1038/506279a

News Features

天文学:彗星の死

Astronomy: Death of a comet p.281

太陽に接近し、分解したアイソン彗星の最期を明らかにしようと、研究が続いている。

doi: 10.1038/506281a

法廷の科学:死刑に値する知能とは?

Science in court: Smart enough to die? p.284

米国では、被告の知的能力が死刑判決の判断基準となっている州もあるが、その判断基準や、知的能力で評価することの妥当性について議論が巻き起こっている。

doi: 10.1038/506284a

News & Views

宇宙物理学:偏った爆発による星の死

Astrophysics: Lopsided stellar death p.298

超新星の残骸であるカシオペア座Aの観測から、この星の爆発の中心に生じた過程について初めて調べられ、空間的な非対称性がこの爆発を説明するのに重要であるとする仮説が裏付けられた。

doi: 10.1038/506298a

再生生物学:肝臓修復にゴーサイン

Regenerative biology: Take the brakes off for liver repair p.299

血管内表面を覆っている内皮細胞が産生するタンパク質が、肝臓損傷後の細胞増殖を調節していることが分かり、さらに組織再生に血管シグナルが役割を持つことが実証された。

doi: 10.1038/506299a

がん:白血病祖先細胞はしぶとく残る

Cancer: Persistence of leukaemic ancestors p.300

急性白血病の初期は、ほとんどの場合臨床的な症状が現れず、期間も短いと考えられている。だが、祖先となる前がん細胞は識別可能で、ずっと生き残るらしいことが今回明らかになった。

doi: 10.1038/nature13056

プラズマ物理学:核融合研究における有望な進展

Plasma physics: A promising advance in nuclear fusion p.302

米国立点火施設で行われた実験により、核融合実験の進展を妨げてきた問題が解決され、世界中の核融合研究者を勇気づけることになった。

doi: 10.1038/nature13057

分子生物学:タンパク質の結合は活発に動くRNAを抑えられない

Molecular biology: Protein binding cannot subdue a lively RNA p.303

細胞のタンパク質合成機械であるリボソームは、決まった順序で構成成分から組み立てられる。今回、組み立ての最初の段階では動的な構造再編成に耐えなければならないことが明らかになった。

doi: 10.1038/nature13055

老化:老いた筋肉の遺伝学的若返り

Ageing: Genetic rejuvenation of old muscle p.304

加齢が進むと、筋肉の再生に関わる幹細胞は可逆的な静止状態から非可逆的な老化状態へと切り替わる。老化の推進因子を標的とすれば、筋肉幹細胞を再び活動させることができ、筋肉再生が起こるようになる。

doi: 10.1038/nature13058

Review

古気候学:地球初期の海洋と大気における酸素の増加

The rise of oxygen in Earth’s early ocean and atmosphere p.307

How atmospheric oxygen concentrations evolved from only small amounts for the early Earth to about 21 per cent today remains uncertain; here our latest understanding of the evolution of Earth’s oxygen levels is discussed.

doi: 10.1038/nature13068

Articles

幹細胞:老化した筋幹細胞は可逆的静止状態から老化状態へと転換する

Geriatric muscle stem cells switch reversible quiescence into senescence p.316

This study shows that ageing satellite cells undergo an irreversible transition from a quiescent to a pre-senescent state that results in the loss of muscle regeneration in sarcopenia; furthermore, increased expression of p16INK4a is identified as a common feature of senescent satellite cells.

doi: 10.1038/nature13013

幹細胞:乳腺中の二分化能を持つ幹細胞のin situでの確認

In situ identification of bipotent stem cells in the mammary gland p.322

Through the use of a novel three-dimensional imaging technique, used in conjunction with a multicolour reporter that allows lineage tracing and cell tracking of entire mammary ducts in vivo, bipotent stem cells are shown to have a central role in both puberty and long-term maintenance; in addition, long-lived luminal progenitor cells with a prominent role in ductal expansion are identified.

doi: 10.1038/nature12948

がん:急性白血病における前白血病造血幹細胞の同定

Identification of pre-leukaemic haematopoietic stem cells in acute leukaemia p.328

The authors identify pre-leukaemic haematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) in patients with acute myeloid leukaemia; these pre-leukaemic HSCs have the capacity of normal multi-lineage haematopoietic differentiation with a competitive growth advantage over wild-type HSCs, and owing to their persistence may serve as a reservoir for therapeutic resistance and relapse.

doi: 10.1038/nature13038

分子生物学:リボソーム構築初期に見られる、タンパク質に誘導されるRNA動態

Protein-guided RNA dynamics during early ribosome assembly p.334

Three-colour fluorescence resonance energy transfer and molecular dynamics simulations are used to study the events occurring early in assembly of the 30S ribosome; within a non-native intermediate S4 ribosomal protein–16S RNA structure, S4 is capable of altering the RNA helix dynamics to facilitate conformation changes that enable subsequent protein binding.

doi: 10.1038/nature13039

Letters

宇宙:超新星残骸カシオペア座Aの放射性44Tiのマップから明らかになった重力崩壊型超新星の非対称性

Asymmetries in core-collapse supernovae from maps of radioactive 44Ti in Cassiopeia A p.339

The observation of non-uniformly distributed titanium emission in the interior of Cassiopeia A, a core-collapse supernova, is an indicator of asymmetries in the stellar explosion and provides strong evidence for the development of low-mode convective instabilities in such supernovae.

doi: 10.1038/nature12997

プラズマ物理学:慣性閉じ込め核融合爆縮における1を超える燃料利得

Fuel gain exceeding unity in an inertially confined fusion implosion p.343

Fusion fuel gains greater than unity — which are crucial to the generation of fusion energy — are achieved on the US National Ignition Facility using the ‘high-foot’ implosion method, which reduces instability in the implosion of the fuel.

doi: 10.1038/nature13008

材料科学:エピタキシャルグラフェンナノリボンの非常に優れたバリスティック輸送

Exceptional ballistic transport in epitaxial graphene nanoribbons p.349

Nanoribbons of graphene grown on electronics-grade silicon carbide conduct electrons much better than expected; at room temperature, the charge carriers travel through the nanoribbons without scattering for a surprisingly long distance, more than ten micrometres.

doi: 10.1038/nature12952

地球化学:イエローストーンに10億年にわたり蓄積された放射壊変起源ヘリウムの莫大な脱ガス

Prodigious degassing of a billion years of accumulated radiogenic helium at Yellowstone p.355

The study of gas emission rates, chemistry and isotopic analyses show that the rate of helium-4 emission from the crust at Yellowstone is orders of magnitude greater than any conceivable rate of generation within the crust; this implies that helium has accumulated for hundreds of millions of years in deeper Archaean cratonic rocks, only to be liberated over the past two million years by crustal metamorphism induced by the Yellowstone hotspot.

doi: 10.1038/nature12992

進化:種の共存と適応放散における表現型進化の動態

Species coexistence and the dynamics of phenotypic evolution in adaptive radiation p.359

Increased trait differences among sympatric lineages of ovenbirds are explained by their greater evolutionary age compared with allopatric lineages.

doi: 10.1038/nature12874

分子生態学:ミツバチとマルハナバチの疾病関連性は野生の花粉媒介者への脅威となる

Disease associations between honeybees and bumblebees as a threat to wild pollinators p.364

Laboratory infection experiments and field data show that emerging infectious diseases of honeybees are widespread infectious agents within the pollinator assemblage; the prevalence of deformed wing virus (DWV) and the parasite Nosema ceranae in honeybees and bumblebees is linked, and sympatric bumblebees and honeybees are infected by the same DWV strains, indicating ongoing disease transmission.

doi: 10.1038/nature12977

進化:サバンナオオトカゲにおける一方向性の肺気流パターン

Unidirectional pulmonary airflow patterns in the savannah monitor lizard p.367

Unlike the tidal (in and out) breathing of mammals, bird lungs have unidirectional airflow patterns; here the savannah monitor lizard is shown to have unidirectional airflow too, with profound implications for the evolution of unidirectional airflow in reptiles, predating the origin of birds.

doi: 10.1038/nature12871

がん:子宮頸がんにおけるゲノム変化の全貌

Landscape of genomic alterations in cervical carcinomas p.371

Whole-exome sequencing and analysis of 115 cervical carcinoma–normal paired samples, in addition to transcriptome and whole-genome sequencing for a subset of these tumours, reveal novel genes mutated at significant levels within this cohort and provide evidence that HPV integration is a common mechanism for target gene overexpression; results also compare mutational landscapes between squamous cell carcinomas and adenocarcinomas.

doi: 10.1038/nature12881

創薬:関節リウマチの遺伝学は生物学的研究と創薬に貢献する

Genetics of rheumatoid arthritis contributes to biology and drug discovery p.376

A genome-wide association study meta-analysis of more than 100,000 subjects of European and Asian ancestries reveals 42 new risk loci for rheumatoid arthritis, with follow-up studies identifying 98 biological candidate genes that are either already being targeted by drugs or could be in the future.

doi: 10.1038/nature12873

生物工学:異種移植肝臓モデルにおける臨床的意義のあるAAV変異体の選択と評価

Selection and evaluation of clinically relevant AAV variants in a xenograft liver model p.382

Chimaeric human–murine adeno-associated virus (AAV) capsids are described that transduce human primary hepatocytes more efficiently than currently used AAV vectors; the novel vectors may be good clinical candidates.

doi: 10.1038/nature12875

細胞生物学:統合型生殖周期の収斂進化が単相生活を促進する

Convergent evolution of a fused sexual cycle promotes the haploid lifestyle p.387

In the predominantly diploid yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, regulatory control of mating is separate from meiosis; here the related hemiascomycete yeast Candida lusitaniae is shown to have coordinated regulatory control of mating and meiosis, favouring the formation of haploids.

doi: 10.1038/nature12891

構造生物学:Naegleria由来Tet様ジオキシゲナーゼと5-メチルシトシンDNAとの複合体の構造

Structure of a Naegleria Tet-like dioxygenase in complex with 5-methylcytosine DNA p.391

The Tet family of dioxygenase enzymes convert 5-methylcytosine to 5-hydroxymethylcytosine, 5-formylcytosine and 5-carboxylcytosine, which has an effect on gene expression; here the structure of NgTet1, a Tet-like protein with the same activity as mammalian Tet1, is determined, showing that NgTet1 uses a base-flipping mechanism to access 5-methylcytosine.

doi: 10.1038/nature12905

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