1. Nature Japan
  2. Nature
  3. v553 n7689

Volume 553 Number 7689

Nature 目次の表紙

2018年1月25日

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Editorials

人間関係、雇用、健康を損なう病的ギャンブルの問題に、研究者も政府も、もっと関心を向ける必要がある。

Science has a gambling problem p.379

Researchers and government agencies pay too little attention to pathological gambling. This must change.

doi: 10.1038/d41586-018-01051-z

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米国トランプ政権発足から1年、科学への悪影響は、恐れていたとおりだった。

Science after a year of President Trump p.380

After 12 months in office, Trump’s effects on science have been as bad as feared.

doi: 10.1038/d41586-018-01001-9

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スペイン風邪から100年を機に、新たなインフルエンザ大流行の可能性を再検討し、ワクチン開発などの対策をすべきだ。

Science must get ready for the next global flu crisis p.380

A universal flu vaccine is the only serious defence against a future flu pandemic.

doi: 10.1038/d41586-018-01070-w

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News

中国の研究チームが、霊長類でのクローン作製に初めて成功。

First monkeys cloned with technique that made Dolly the sheep p.387

Chinese scientists create cloned primates that could revolutionize studies of human disease.

doi: 10.1038/d41586-018-01027-z

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ドイツの次期連立政権は、科学を重視し、予算が大幅に増加する見込みに。

German scientists hope for windfall from incoming government p.388

Research budget could rise to 3.5% of gross domestic product if agreement struck during coalition talks holds.

doi: 10.1038/d41586-018-01026-0

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米国での2013年以来の政府機関閉鎖は短期間で解除されたが、近々また閉鎖に陥る可能性も。

US researchers relieved as government shutdown ends p.389

Science agencies poised to resume normal operations after lawmakers agree on stopgap budget measure that expires on 8 February.

doi: 10.1038/d41586-018-01069-3

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全米科学財団によれば、2016年の科学論文発表数で、中国が初の世界一に。

China declared world’s largest producer of scientific articles p.390

Report shows increasing international competition, but suggests that United States remains a scientific powerhouse.

doi: 10.1038/d41586-018-00927-4

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約700万年前の大腿骨化石は古代のヒト族のものだと考えらえるものの、論文発表に至らないまま十数年が。

Controversial femur could belong to ancient human relative p.391

Few scientists have had access to a thigh bone kept in a French collection for over a decade.

doi: 10.1038/d41586-018-00972-z

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News Features

地質学：大激変の終焉

Bashing holes in the tale of Earth’s troubled youth p.393

アポロ計画の代表成果の1つである「後期重爆撃期」説が批判にさらされており、太陽系形成のシナリオが大きく見直されている。

doi: 10.1038/d41586-018-01074-6

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植物科学：植物学ルネサンス

The lost art of looking at plants p.396

一時は下火となってしまった植物形態学が、ゲノミクスと画像化技術の進歩によって再び注目を集めている。

doi: 10.1038/d41586-018-01075-5

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News & Views

応用物理学：粒子を捉えて3D画像を作る

Applied physics: Trapped particle makes 3D images p.408

今回、レーザー光によって微小粒子を捉えて動かす手法を用いて、三次元での物体の視覚表示が行われた。この手法には、現行の方法を超える大きな長所がある。

doi: 10.1038/d41586-018-00859-z

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構造生物学：老化に関連する受容体の構造を解明

Structural biology: Ageing-related receptors resolved p.409

老化は、ホルモンが重要な役割を果たす調節された過程である。今回、2つのホルモン補助受容体の結晶構造が明らかになり、加齢に関連する疾患に重点を置いた創薬に有益となる情報が得られた。

doi: 10.1038/d41586-017-09032-4

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天文学：宇宙の夜明けのかがり火

Astronomy: A beacon at the dawn of the Universe p.410

クエーサーは、宇宙における最も明るい連続的な光源である。今回、これまで検出された中で最も遠いクエーサーが測定され、初期宇宙の進化と構造が詳細に明らかになった。

doi: 10.1038/d41586-018-00818-8

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持続可能性：衛星画像が示す中国の緑化

Sustainability: Satellite images show China going green p.411

中国の土壌が浸食されやすい地域で、大規模な植林事業が行われている。今回、衛星画像によって、この事業の効果が明らかになり、予想されている植生の減少が、干ばつ期に起こらなかったことが示された。

doi: 10.1038/d41586-018-00996-5

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回顧：超流動の80年

In retrospect: Eighty years of superfluidity p.413

1938年に、絶対零度に近い温度で液体ヘリウム4が摩擦や粘性なしに流れることが、2つの研究によって実証された。この知見は、低温物理に関する理解の大きな進歩につながった。

doi: 10.1038/d41586-018-00417-7

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生物工学：細胞の接触を暴く追跡法

Biotechnology: Kiss-and-tell way to track cell contacts p.414

一過性の細胞の接触は、免疫応答を生じさせるのに不可欠であるが、in vivoで測定するのは難しい。今回、標識法によって、細胞間のこうした相互作用を記録する方法が得られた。

doi: 10.1038/d41586-018-00488-6

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Articles

神経科学：ロコモーション速度と歩様の選択を決める中脳回路

Midbrain circuits that set locomotor speed and gait selection p.455

Speed and gait selection in mice are controlled by glutamatergic excitatory neurons in the cuneiform nucleus and the pedunculopontine nucleus, which act in conjunction to select context-dependent locomotor behaviours.

doi: 10.1038/nature25448

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構造生物学：αクロトーは非酵素分子としてFGF23ホルモンシグナル伝達の足場となる

α-Klotho is a non-enzymatic molecular scaffold for FGF23 hormone signalling p.461

The crystal structure of shed ectodomain of α-klotho bound to the FGFR1c ligand-binding domain and FGF23 unveils the mechanism by which klotho co-receptors promote hormonal FGF signalling.

doi: 10.1038/nature25451

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がん：染色体不安定性は細胞質内DNA応答を介して転移を促進する

Chromosomal instability drives metastasis through a cytosolic DNA response p.467

In chromosomally unstable tumour cells, rupture of micronuclei exposes genomic DNA and activates the cGAS–STING cytosolic DNA-sensing pathway, thereby promoting metastasis.

doi: 10.1038/nature25432

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Letters

天文学：赤方偏移7.5に位置するかなり中性化した宇宙における質量が太陽の8億倍のブラックホール

An 800-million-solar-mass black hole in a significantly neutral Universe at a redshift of 7.5 p.473

Observations of a quasar at redshift 7.54, when the Universe was just five per cent of its current age, suggest that the Universe was significantly neutral at this epoch.

doi: 10.1038/nature25180

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天文学：海王星質量の系外惑星GJ 436bの軌道面と低温の親星の自転軸の非整列

Orbital misalignment of the Neptune-mass exoplanet GJ 436b with the spin of its cool star p.477

Mapping the three-dimensional trajectory of a Neptune-mass exoplanet across the disk of its cool star reveals that its orbit is nearly perpendicular to the stellar equator, implying the existence of a yet-undetected outer companion planet.

doi: 10.1038/nature24677

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量子物理学：駆動された量子多体系における磁気相関の増強と符号変化

Enhancement and sign change of magnetic correlations in a driven quantum many-body system p.481

By periodically modulating the position of degenerate fermions unidirectionally in a three-dimensional optical lattice, antiferromagnetic correlations in this many-body system can be reduced, enhanced or even switched to ferromagnetic correlations.

doi: 10.1038/nature25135

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応用物理学：光泳動トラップによるボリュームディスプレイ

A photophoretic-trap volumetric display p.486

Photophoretic optical trapping of cellulose particles and persistence of vision are used to produce real-space volumetric images that can be viewed from all angles, in geometries unachievable by holograms and light-field technologies.

doi: 10.1038/nature25176

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地球科学：プリューム・マントル中に保存された初期の高圧核形成事象

Early episodes of high-pressure core formation preserved in plume mantle p.491

Xenon isotopic anomalies found in modern plume rocks are explained as the result of iodine-to-plutonium fractionations during early, high-pressure episodes of core formation.

doi: 10.1038/nature25446

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生物工学：in vivoにおけるT細胞–樹状細胞間の相互作用を、酵素を介した標識の細胞間移動により観察する

Monitoring T cell–dendritic cell interactions in vivo by intercellular enzymatic labelling p.496

Interactions between different cell types are essential for multiple biological processes, including immunity, embryonic development and neuronal signalling. Although the dynamics of cell–cell interactions can be monitored in vivo by intravital microscopy, this approach does not provide any information on the receptors and ligands involved or enable the isolation of interacting cells for downstream analysis. Here we describe a complementary approach that uses bacterial sortase A-mediated cell labelling across synapses of immune cells to identify receptor–ligand interactions between cells in living mice, by generating a signal that can subsequently be detected ex vivo by flow cytometry. We call this approach for the labelling of ‘kiss-and-run’ interactions between immune cells ‘Labelling Immune Partnerships by SorTagging Intercellular Contacts’ (LIPSTIC). Using LIPSTIC, we show that interactions between dendritic cells and CD4+ T cells during T-cell priming in vivo occur in two distinct modalities: an early, cognate stage, during which CD40–CD40L interactions occur specifically between T cells and antigen-loaded dendritic cells; and a later, non-cognate stage during which these interactions no longer require prior engagement of the T-cell receptor. Therefore, LIPSTIC enables the direct measurement of dynamic cell–cell interactions both in vitro and in vivo. Given its flexibility for use with different receptor–ligand pairs and a range of detectable labels, we expect that this approach will be of use to any field of biology requiring quantification of intercellular communication.

doi: 10.1038/nature25442

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構造生物学：βクロトーの構造から判明した、内分泌型FGFシグナル伝達の「郵便番号」に似た機構

Structures of β-klotho reveal a ‘zip code’-like mechanism for endocrine FGF signalling p.501

Canonical fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) activate FGF receptors (FGFRs) through paracrine or autocrine mechanisms in a process that requires cooperation with heparan sulfate proteoglycans, which function as co-receptors for FGFR activation. By contrast, endocrine FGFs (FGF19, FGF21 and FGF23) are circulating hormones that regulate critical metabolic processes in a variety of tissues. FGF19 regulates bile acid synthesis and lipogenesis, whereas FGF21 stimulates insulin sensitivity, energy expenditure and weight loss. Endocrine FGFs signal through FGFRs in a manner that requires klothos, which are cell-surface proteins that possess tandem glycosidase domains. Here we describe the crystal structures of free and ligand-bound β-klotho extracellular regions that reveal the molecular mechanism that underlies the specificity of FGF21 towards β-klotho and demonstrate how the FGFR is activated in a klotho-dependent manner. β-Klotho serves as a primary ‘zip code’-like receptor that acts as a targeting signal for FGF21, and FGFR functions as a catalytic subunit that mediates intracellular signalling. Our structures also show how the sugar-cutting enzyme glycosidase has evolved to become a specific receptor for hormones that regulate metabolic processes, including the lowering of blood sugar levels. Finally, we describe an agonistic variant of FGF21 with enhanced biological activity and present structural insights into the potential development of therapeutic agents for diseases linked to endocrine FGFs.

doi: 10.1038/nature25010

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発生生物学：EZH1による胚での造血多能性の調節

Regulation of embryonic haematopoietic multipotency by EZH1 p.506

The production of haematopoietic stem cells is repressed during early mammalian embryogenesis by an epigenetic mechanism that involves the action of the Polycomb protein EZH1.

doi: 10.1038/nature25435

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がん：NT5C2遺伝子変異を有する再発急性リンパ性白血病におけるクローン進化メカニズム

Clonal evolution mechanisms in NT5C2 mutant-relapsed acute lymphoblastic leukaemia p.511

Relapsed acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) is associated with resistance to chemotherapy and poor prognosis. Gain-of-function mutations in the 5′-nucleotidase, cytosolic II (NT5C2) gene induce resistance to 6-mercaptopurine and are selectively present in relapsed ALL. Yet, the mechanisms involved in NT5C2 mutation-driven clonal evolution during the initiation of leukaemia, disease progression and relapse remain unknown. Here we use a conditional-and-inducible leukaemia model to demonstrate that expression of NT5C2(R367Q), a highly prevalent relapsed-ALL NT5C2 mutation, induces resistance to chemotherapy with 6-mercaptopurine at the cost of impaired leukaemia cell growth and leukaemia-initiating cell activity. The loss-of-fitness phenotype of NT5C2+/R367Q mutant cells is associated with excess export of purines to the extracellular space and depletion of the intracellular purine-nucleotide pool. Consequently, blocking guanosine synthesis by inhibition of inosine-5′-monophosphate dehydrogenase (IMPDH) induced increased cytotoxicity against NT5C2-mutant leukaemia lymphoblasts. These results identify the fitness cost of NT5C2 mutation and resistance to chemotherapy as key evolutionary drivers that shape clonal evolution in relapsed ALL and support a role for IMPDH inhibition in the treatment of ALL.

doi: 10.1038/nature25186

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幹細胞：Mycエンハンサークラスターは正常および白血病の造血幹細胞の階層構造を調節する

A Myc enhancer cluster regulates normal and leukaemic haematopoietic stem cell hierarchies p.515

The transcription factor Myc is essential for the regulation of haematopoietic stem cells and progenitors and has a critical function in haematopoietic malignancies. Here we show that an evolutionarily conserved region located 1.7 megabases downstream of the Myc gene that has previously been labelled as a ‘super-enhancer’ is essential for the regulation of Myc expression levels in both normal haematopoietic and leukaemic stem cell hierarchies in mice and humans. Deletion of this region in mice leads to a complete loss of Myc expression in haematopoietic stem cells and progenitors. This caused an accumulation of differentiation-arrested multipotent progenitors and loss of myeloid and B cells, mimicking the phenotype caused by Mx1-Cre-mediated conditional deletion of the Myc gene in haematopoietic stem cells. This super-enhancer comprises multiple enhancer modules with selective activity that recruits a compendium of transcription factors, including GFI1b, RUNX1 and MYB. Analysis of mice carrying deletions of individual enhancer modules suggests that specific Myc expression levels throughout most of the haematopoietic hierarchy are controlled by the combinatorial and additive activity of individual enhancer modules, which collectively function as a ‘blood enhancer cluster’ (BENC). We show that BENC is also essential for the maintenance of MLL–AF9-driven leukaemia in mice. Furthermore, a BENC module, which controls Myc expression in mouse haematopoietic stem cells and progenitors, shows increased chromatin accessibility in human acute myeloid leukaemia stem cells compared to blasts. This difference correlates with MYC expression and patient outcome. We propose that clusters of enhancers, such as BENC, form highly combinatorial systems that allow precise control of gene expression across normal cellular hierarchies and which also can be hijacked in malignancies.

doi: 10.1038/nature25193

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ウイルス学：構造と変異誘発から明らかになった、KSHV複製に必須のキャプシドタンパク質相互作用

Structure and mutagenesis reveal essential capsid protein interactions for KSHV replication p.521

Cryo-electron microscopy reveals the structure of the Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus capsid, and experiments with polypeptides that mimic the smallest capsid protein demonstrate the potential for structure-derived insights to help to develop antiviral agents.

doi: 10.1038/nature25438

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酵素機構：真核生物の膜内RASメチルトランスフェラーゼICMTの原子構造

Atomic structure of the eukaryotic intramembrane RAS methyltransferase ICMT p.526

The X-ray structure of the integral membrane protein isoprenylcysteine carboxyl methyltransferase suggests mechanisms by which it recognizes both water-soluble and membrane-bound reactants to catalyze the methylation of RAS and other CAAX proteins at the membrane-cytosol interface.

doi: 10.1038/nature25439

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