Studies of the epigenomic signatures of many healthy and diseased human tissues could provide crucial infomation to link genetic variation and disease.
doi: 10.1038/518273a
doi: 10.1038/518274b
Science will benefit most from a combination of youthful innovation and hard-won experience.
doi: 10.1038/518274a
Facility will study biomedical uses at attosecond resolution.
doi: 10.1038/518281a
Researchers aim to cut passwords and people out of the data-safety equation.
doi: 10.1038/518282a
Analysis of millions of papers finds that junior biomedical researchers tend to work on more innovative topics than their senior colleagues do.
doi: 10.1038/518283a
Eurasian region gains ground as birthplace of Indo-European tongues.
doi: 10.1038/518284a
Projects aim to mimic human body using networks of simulated organs.
doi: 10.1038/518285a
Federal start-up funds inspire investment in ARPA-E technologies.
doi: 10.1038/518286a
性を2種類とする定義は単純に過ぎ、生物学的にもっと幅広いスペクトルがあることが分かってきた。
doi: 10.1038/518288a
地球で減少していく生物多様性を追跡するためにも、自然史博物館に収められた多数の標本の重要性は増しているが、今、標本そのものが危機に瀕している。
doi: 10.1038/518292a
脳の視覚野中にあるニューロンは他の非常に多くのニューロンからの入力を受け取っている。しかし、個々のニューロンが強く結合しているのは、自己に最もよく似ている少数のニューロンだけであることが今回明らかになった。
doi: 10.1038/nature14201
新星と呼ばれる爆発が、天の川銀河に含まれるリチウムの量にどの程度寄与しているのかははっきりしていない。このような爆発の1つに、崩壊してリチウムになる放射性ベリリウムが初めて検出された。
doi: 10.1038/518307a
ダーウィンフィンチ類のゲノムの特徴が初めて詳細に調べられ、ダーウィンフィンチ類の15種全部と近縁の2種の120個体でゲノム塩基配列が明らかにされた。
doi: 10.1038/518308a
自然界に見られる最強の酸化剤は化合物Q、つまりメタンを酸化する酵素反応で生じる中間体である。新たに得られた分光学的データから、Qの化学構造についてのずっと続いてきた論争が解決された。
doi: 10.1038/nature14199
気候モデルのアンサンブルによって、沿岸域に沿って吹く風は地球温暖化のために今後は強くなり、沿岸湧昇の規模がさらに拡大すると予想された。この過程は、沿岸域の海洋生態系の健全性に影響を及ぼす可能性がある。
doi: 10.1038/518310a
ヒト組織標品と細胞系列から得られたゲノムの機能性調節エレメントについて調べた一連の論文が発表された。このフォーラムでは、エピゲノムに関するこの研究計画の意味が、3つの視点から論じられている。
doi: 10.1038/518314a
This study describes the integrative analysis of 111 reference human epigenomes, profiled for histone modification patterns, DNA accessibility, DNA methylation and RNA expression; the results annotate candidate regulatory elements in diverse tissues and cell types, their candidate regulators, and the set of human traits for which they show genetic variant enrichment, providing a resource for interpreting the molecular basis of human disease.
doi: 10.1038/nature14248
An analysis of genome-wide chromatin interactions during human embryonic stem cell differentiation reveals changes in chromatic organization and simultaneously identifies allele-resolved chromatin structure and differences in gene expression during differentiation.
doi: 10.1038/nature14222
Genome-wide association studies combined with data from epigenomic maps for immune cells have been used to fine-map causal variants for 21 autoimmune diseases; disease risk tends to be linked to single nucleotide polymorphisms in cell-type-specific enhancers, often in regions adjacent to transcription factor binding motifs.
doi: 10.1038/nature13835
Lineage-specific transcription factors and signalling pathways cooperate with pluripotency regulators to control the transcriptional networks that drive cell specification and exit from an embryonic stem cell state; here, we report genome-wide binding data for 38 transcription factors combined with analysis of epigenomic and gene expression data during the differentiation of human embryonic stem cells into the three germ layers.
doi: 10.1038/nature14233
As part of the Epigenome Roadmap project, this study uses a chromosome-spanning haplotype reconstruction strategy to construct haplotype-resolved epigenomic maps for a diverse set of human tissues; the maps reveal extensive allelic biases in chromatin state and transcription, which vary across individuals due to genetic backgrounds.
doi: 10.1038/nature14217
The integrative analysis of epigenetic footprints along consecutive stages of neural progenitors derived from human ES cells reveals regulatory mechanisms that orchestrate stage-specific differentiation.
doi: 10.1038/nature13990
An analysis of cell-type-specific epigenomic features reveals a relationship between epigenomic and mutational profiles; chromatin characteristics can explain a large proportion of mutational variance in cancer genomes and the mutational distribution can identify the probable cell type from which a given cancer originated from.
doi: 10.1038/nature14221
Analysis of transcriptional and epigenomic changes in the hippocampus of a mouse model of Alzheimer’s disease shows that immune function genes and regulatory regions are upregulated, whereas genes and regulatory regions involved in synaptic plasticity, learning and memory are downregulated; genetic variants associated with Alzheimer’s disease are only enriched in orthologues of upregulated immune regions, suggesting that dysregulation of immune processes may underlie Alzheimer’s disease predisposition.
doi: 10.1038/nature14252
Comprehensive genome sequencing of 120 individuals representing all of the Darwin’s finch species and two close relatives reveals important discrepancies with morphology-based taxonomy, widespread hybridization, and a gene, ALX1, underlying variation in beak shape.
doi: 10.1038/nature14181
Mediator is the key transcription co-activator complex that enables basal and regulated transcription initiation by RNA polymerase (Pol) II; here a 15-subunit yeast core Mediator bound to a core Pol II initiation complex is reconstituted and its structure determined by cryo-electron microscopy at subnanometre resolution.
doi: 10.1038/nature14229
The origin of lithium is key to understanding the enrichment history of the Universe; now the classical nova V339 Del (Nova Delphini 2013) reveals that nova explosions could have been contributing to the recent rapid increase of the amount of lithium in the Universe.
doi: 10.1038/nature14161
Time-resolved X-ray solution scattering is used to visualize and probe the dynamics of the individual steps in the formation of a gold trimer complex, including covalent bond formation, with a time resolution of ~500 femtoseconds.
doi: 10.1038/nature14163
An ensemble of climate models shows that by the end of the twenty-first century the coastal upwelling season near the eastern boundaries of the Atlantic and Pacific oceans will start earlier, end later and become more intense at high latitudes, thus becoming more homogeneous; these changes may affect the geographical distribution of marine biodiversity.
doi: 10.1038/nature14235
Tomographically derived seismic velocities are used to infer the distribution of partial melt below the Lau Basin, revealing an unexpected relationship between the amount of in situ melt and the water content of the magma, indicating that subducted water enhances melt extraction.
doi: 10.1038/nature14113
In complex networks of the cerebral cortex, the majority of connections are weak and only a minority strong, but it is not known why; here the authors show that excitatory neurons in primary visual cortex follow a rule by which strong connections are sparse and occur between neurons with correlated responses to visual stimuli, whereas only weak connections link neurons with uncorrelated responses.
doi: 10.1038/nature14182
Regeneration and plasticity after spinal cord injury are limited by inhibitory proteoglycans; here, modulation of a receptor for proteoglycans in rats is shown to lead to functional recovery after injury.
doi: 10.1038/nature13974
Angelman syndrome is a neurodevelopmental disorder caused by disrupted function of the maternal copy of the imprinted UBE3A gene; here, targeting a long non-coding RNA that is responsible for silencing the paternal copy of UBE3A with antisense oligonucleotides is shown to partially restore UBE3A expression in the central nervous system and correct some cognitive deficits in a mouse model of the disease.
doi: 10.1038/nature13975
If deprived of exogenous glutamine, naive mouse embryonic stem cells are shown to be capable of generating the amino acid from other sources to enable their proliferation; the stem cells use glutamine and glucose catabolism to maintain a high level of intracellular α-ketoglutarate and promote demethylation of chromatin and ensure sufficient expression of pluripotency-associated genes.
doi: 10.1038/nature13981
The deubiquitinase enzyme DUBA is shown to act as a negative regulator of interleukin-17A (IL-17A) in TH17 cells; DUBA interacts with and stabilizes the ubiquitin ligase UBR5, which in turn targets RORγt for degradation in the proteaseome, thus limiting IL-17A production.
doi: 10.1038/nature13979
Deep-genome and single-cell sequencing analyses of patient-derived breast cancer xenografts reveal extensive, dynamic and reproducible changes in intra-tumoral mutational clonal composition on engraftment and serial propagation.
doi: 10.1038/nature13952
Four different XNAs — polymers with backbone chemistries not found in nature, namely, arabino nucleic acids, 2′-fluoroarabino nucleic acids, hexitol nucleic acids and cyclohexene nucleic acids — are found to be able to support the evolution of synthetic enzymes (XNAzymes) that catalyse several chemical reactions.
doi: 10.1038/nature13982
Time-resolved resonance Raman vibrational spectroscopy was used to study the mechanism of soluble methane monooxygenase and obtain structural information on the key reaction cycle intermediate, compound Q, which contains a unique binuclear FeIV cluster that breaks the strong C-H bond of methane and inserts an oxygen atom (from O2) to form methanol.
doi: 10.1038/nature14160
The X-ray crystal structure of the human cytoplasmic dynein-2 motor bound to the ATP-hydrolysis transition state analogue ADP.vanadate is described.
doi: 10.1038/nature14023
