A focus on specific biological targets rather than constellations of symptoms heralds a more scientific approach to the treatment of neuropsychiatric disorders.
doi: 10.1038/507273a
The success of the $1,000 genome programme offers lessons for fostering innovation.
doi: 10.1038/507273b
The recent Nature PastCast series is instructive as well as entertaining.
doi: 10.1038/507274a
Images of the infant Universe reveal evidence for rapid inflation after the Big Bang.
doi: 10.1038/507281a
Papers describing acid-bath technique under more scrutiny after institute’s investigation finds errors in methodology.
doi: 10.1038/507283a
Former Purdue University president France Córdova inherits an agency at a crossroads.
doi: 10.1038/507285a
US–Mexico agreement paves the way for a rare environmental test.
doi: 10.1038/507286a
Mental-health division will no longer fund research aiming to relieve symptoms without probing underlying causes.
doi: 10.1038/507288a
パーキンソン病などの治療に有効な脳深部電気刺激法（DBS）が、他の神経回路の障害に関する研究にも役立ち始めている。
doi: 10.1038/507290a
米政府のユニークな計画によって、ゲノム塩基配列解読のコストが、期待通りのレベルにまで下がった。
doi: 10.1038/507294a
地球の磁場中にある電子の分布は、電子のエネルギーと高度の関数として縞状の強度パターンを示すことが多い。いくつかの予想外に重要な影響を取り入れたモデルによって、今回この特徴が説明された。
doi: 10.1038/507308a
遺伝子FTO中のタンパク質をコードしていない領域中にある遺伝学的変異が肥満に関係していることが分かった。この領域の変異は、FTO自体ではなく、遠く離れた所にあるIRX3遺伝子の発現に影響を及ぼしている。
doi: 10.1038/nature13212
完全にフォトニクスだけに基づくコヒーレントなレーダーシステムが初めて実証されたことは、無線周波数信号の生成と測定にフォトニクスの手法を使うことが、ソフトウエアレーダーシステム（software-defined radar system）の開発を促進する可能性を示している。
doi: 10.1038/507310a
アポトーシスとして知られる細胞死プログラムが開始されると、細胞は崩壊して膜に包まれた複数の断片になる。この過程がパネキシン1というタンパク質によって制御されていること、また抗菌薬の1つによって脱調節されることが明らかになった。
doi: 10.1038/nature13213
骨の血管中に存在している特殊化した内皮細胞集団とそのシグナル伝達経路が明らかにされ、血管構造が骨形成に関わる仕組みが示された。
doi: 10.1038/nature13210
This paper reports integrative molecular analyses of urothelial bladder carcinoma at the DNA, RNA, and protein levels performed as part of The Cancer Genome Atlas project; recurrent mutations were found in 32 genes, including those involved in cell-cycle regulation, chromatin regulation and kinase signalling pathways; chromatin regulatory genes were more frequently mutated in urothelial carcinoma than in any other common cancer studied so far.
doi: 10.1038/nature12965
Bone homeostasis and repair declines with ageing and the mechanisms regulating the relationship between bone growth and blood vessel formation have remained unknown; this mouse study identifies the endothelial cells that promote the formation of new bone, a small microvessel subtype that can be identified by high CD31 and high Emcn expression.
doi: 10.1038/nature13145
The pannexin 1 channel on the plasma membrane of apoptotic cells mediates the release of find-me molecular signals to attract phagocytic cells for clearance of the apoptotic cells; here the quinolone antibiotic trovafloxacin is identified as a direct inhibitor of pannexin 1, which results in dysregulated fragmentation of apoptotic cells and may partly explain quinolone toxicity.
doi: 10.1038/nature13147
At the lowest galactic mass scales, evidence of a merger between two galaxies is provided by the kinematic detection of a stellar stream — indicative of an accretion event — in the dwarf spheroidal galaxy Andromeda II, one of the satellite galaxies of Andromeda.
doi: 10.1038/nature12995
The distributions of energetic electrons across the entire spatial extent of Earth’s inner radiation belt are found to be organized in regular, highly structured and unexpected ‘zebra stripes’, produced by Earth’s rotation.
doi: 10.1038/nature13046
The next generation of radar systems must be photonic to obtain frequency flexibility and improved performance; here both generation and detection of radio signals are demonstrated in a successful field trial of a photonic-based radar system using aeroplanes.
doi: 10.1038/nature13078
Sulphide oxidation coupled to carbonate dissolution can provide a transient source of carbon dioxide to Earth’s atmosphere and so balance the Cenozoic increase in carbon dioxide consumption by silicate weathering, reconciling this increase with the need for mass balance in the long-term carbon cycle.
doi: 10.1038/nature13030
Sampling of extant and fossil amniotes reveals that the diversity of melanosome morphologies increased sharply around the time of the origin of pinnate feathers in maniraptoran dinosaurs (the lineage leading to birds) and independently in mammals; lizard, turtle and crocodilian skin as well as archosaur filamentous body covering shows a limited diversity of melanosome forms, a pattern consistent with convergent changes in the melanocortin system of endothermic animals.
doi: 10.1038/nature12973
In the modern human genome, elevated Neanderthal ancestry is found at genes affecting keratin filaments, suggesting that gene flow with Neanderthals helped modern humans to adapt to non-African environments; deficiencies of Neanderthal ancestry are also found, particularly on the X chromosome and in genes expressed highly in testes, suggesting that some Neanderthal mutations were not tolerated on a modern human genetic background as they reduced male fertility.
doi: 10.1038/nature12961
Using a combination of viral-tracing and in vivo imaging techniques, the authors show that there are several parallel pathways in the mouse visual system and that directional and orientation selectivity in the cortex may arise from the specialized tuning of retinal circuits.
doi: 10.1038/nature12989
Long-term in vivo imaging of Confetti-labelled Lgr5-expressing intestinal stem cells shows that a dynamically heterogeneous cell population is able to function long-term as an equipotent stem-cell pool.
doi: 10.1038/nature12972
B cells can secrete IL-35 upon activation, and subsequently contribute negatively to the regulation of immunity, such as T-cell-mediated autoimmunity or anti-microbial immunity, and a characterization of these cells raises new questions about possible independent roles for IL-10- and IL-35-expressing plasma cells as regulatory cells.
doi: 10.1038/nature12979
Obesity-associated noncoding sequences within FTO are functionally connected with IRX3, and long-range enhancers in this region recapitulate aspects of IRX3 expression, suggesting that the obesity-associated interval is part of IRX3 regulation; Irx3-deficient mice have lower body weight and are resistant to diet-induced obesity, suggesting IRX3 as a novel determinant of body mass and composition.
doi: 10.1038/nature13138
Blood vessel growth in bone is revealed to require Notch signalling and involve a specialized form of angiogenesis that does not involve endothelial sprouts.
doi: 10.1038/nature13146
The transcription start sites used during the maternal to zygotic transition in zebrafish are mapped, revealing that the transition is characterized by a switch between two different sequence signs to guide transcription initiation, which often co-exist in core promoters.
doi: 10.1038/nature12974
