Volume 532 Number 7597

Editorials

核安全保障の強化のために、研究炉での高濃縮ウラン使用は止めるべきだ。

Safety in neutrons p.5

To boost nuclear security, research reactors must eliminate highly enriched uranium.

doi: 10.1038/532005b

アンゴラでの黄熱病再流行が示すように、エボラ出血熱の大流行が終息したからといって、その対策・警戒を短期間で緩めてはならない。

Viral complacency p.5

The first outbreak of yellow fever in Angola in almost 30 years illustrates the danger of a short attention span when confronting epidemic threats.

doi: 10.1038/532005a

精神疾患は世界的な重要課題であり、特定の目標を定めて取り組んでいく必要がある。

Mind matters p.6

Mental illness is moving up the global agenda — but there is still much to do.

doi: 10.1038/532006a

News

米国大統領選でのドナルド・トランプ候補の言動に、科学界からも懸念の声が。

Trump’s immigration stance stokes fears for science p.13

Rhetoric in US presidential campaign concerns researchers — particularly Muslims.

doi: 10.1038/532013a

暗黒物質を検出したとするDAMAチームの主張を、複数のチームが同タイプの検出器を使って最終的な検証へ。

Controversial dark-matter claim faces ultimate test p.14

Multiple teams finally have the material they need to repeat enigmatic experiment.

doi: 10.1038/532014a

ジカ熱と小頭症との関連性を調べるための研究で、胎児組織を使うことの重要性が浮き彫りに。

Zika highlights role of controversial fetal-tissue research p.16

Fetal tissue may prove crucial to probing link between virus and birth defects.

doi: 10.1038/nature.2016.19655

気候変動による水資源の変化を調べる目的で、NASAが飛行機を使った雪の追跡調査を。

Snow-sensing fleet to unlock water's icy secrets p.17

Airborne experiments aim to fill in the blanks of global water resources as the climate changes.

doi: 10.1038/532017a

公海の生物多様性を守り、持続可能性を確保するための国際条約の締結に向けた交渉が。

Negotiations to tame marine Wild West begin p.18

Nations debate how to protect biodiversity in the high seas.

doi: 10.1038/532018a

ヨーロッパのヒューマン・ブレイン・プロジェクトが、幅広い研究利用を期待して、試作段階の計算ツールを公開へ。

Flagship brain project releases neuro-computing tools p.18

Human Brain Project asks wider neuroscience community to start using its hardware and software.

doi: 10.1038/nature.2016.19672

News Features

メンタルヘルス:ポケットの中の精神科

Mental health: There’s an app for that p.20

自己診断ができたり助言が得られたりするメンタルヘルス関連のモバイルアプリがちまたにあふれているが、有効性がしっかり検証されているものはほとんどない。

doi: 10.1038/532020a

News & Views

恒星物理学:ご近所にあった超新星

Stellar astrophysics: Supernovae in the neighbourhood p.40

深海堆積物中の放射性同位体の詳細な測定が行われ、さらにこのような同位体がどのようにして地球に到達したのかについてモデル化された。これらから、地球のすぐ近くで多数の超新星が生じ、それらがおそらく地球の進化に影響を与えた可能性があることが示された。

doi: 10.1038/532040a

微生物学:真菌の毒素産生は予想外の発見

Microbiology: Fungus produces a toxic surprise p.41

真菌の一種のCandida albicansの菌糸から放出されるタンパク質断片が宿主細胞を破壊することが分かった。これはカビ以外のヒト真菌病原体が毒性ペプチドを産生することを実証した最初の研究である。

doi: 10.1038/nature17319

島の生物地理学:海水準の変動によって形作られた生物多様性

Island biogeography: Shaped by sea-level shifts p.42

2万1000年前の最終氷期極大期以降に起こった島の地形変化と気候変動の解析から、海水準変化が海洋島の現在の生物多様性に影響を与えてきたことが明らかになった。

doi: 10.1038/nature17880

気候科学:水の過去の歴史を再訪してその将来を予想する

Climate science: Water's past revisited to predict its future p.44

北半球での水の1200年にわたる歴史が代理指標データに基づいて再構築され、人為起源の気候変化が20世紀の降水量に影響を及ぼしたかどうかについての議論が盛んになっている。

doi: 10.1038/532044a

神経科学:自閉症という難問を解く

Neuroscience: Untangling autism p.45

Ptchd1という遺伝子がマウス脳で果たす役割が巧妙な実験により解明され、神経発達障害の原因と症状の間の複雑な関係を解きほぐすための手段の1つが示された。

doi: 10.1038/nature17311

分子生物学:脳に生じた破損箇所

Molecular biology: Breaks in the brain p.46

神経細胞中にクラスター状にまとまったDNA二本鎖切断箇所が複数存在することが、ハイスループットな手法を使って見つかった。クラスターの大部分は、神経機能に関連している大型の遺伝子中にあり、このことは切断箇所が組織特異的な役割を担っている可能性を示している。

doi: 10.1038/nature17316

Perspective

生物地球化学:気候変動対応型の土壌

Climate-smart soils p.49

The potential of soils to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions has not been exploited; here we discuss and recommend research and technology developments to implement mitigation practices.

doi: 10.1038/nature17174

Articles

神経科学:Ptchd1Y/−マウスの注意欠陥は視床網様体核の障害による

Thalamic reticular impairment underlies attention deficit in Ptchd1Y/− mice p.58

PTCHD1 deletion in humans leads to attention deficits, intellectual disability, and autism spectrum disorders; mouse PTCHD1 is enriched in the thalamic reticular nucleus (TRN) and TRN-restricted Ptchd1 deletion in mice led to attention-deficit hyperactivity, which could be rescued by modulating calcium-dependent potassium channel activity, suggesting that a TRN deficit may underlie core impairments associated with neurodevelopmental disorders and it may be possible to identify therapeutic targets for individuals with attention disorders.

doi: 10.1038/nature17427

微生物学:Candidalysinは粘膜感染に重要な真菌ペプチド毒素である

Candidalysin is a fungal peptide toxin critical for mucosal infection p.64

This study identifies a cytolytic peptide toxin in the opportunistic human fungal pathogen Candida albicans—the peptide is both a crucial virulence factor that permeabilizes the host cell plasma membrane and a key signal that triggers a host danger response pathway.

doi: 10.1038/nature17625

Letters

素粒子宇宙物理学:星間放射性核種60Feの全球的な堆積から示された地球近傍の最近の超新星

Recent near-Earth supernovae probed by global deposition of interstellar radioactive 60Fe p.69

Analysis of deep-ocean archives reveals that a few per cent of fresh 60Fe has been captured in interstellar dust and deposited in Earth’s crust, indicating that many supernova events occurred over the past ten million years within a distance of up to 100 parsecs from Earth.

doi: 10.1038/nature17196

素粒子宇宙物理学:60Fe輸送のモデリングから得られた太陽近傍の最近の超新星の位置

The locations of recent supernovae near the Sun from modelling 60Fe transport p.73

60Fe in deep-ocean crusts indicates that two supernovae exploded in the solar neighbourhood, reheating the superbubble that harbours our Solar System; calculations of the trajectories and masses of the supernova progenitors gives their explosion times and sites, 90–100 parsecs away, with masses around nine times the solar mass, at 2.3 and 1.5 million years ago, respectively.

doi: 10.1038/nature17424

量子情報:ダイヤモンド中の単一キュービットのコヒーレントフィードバック制御

Coherent feedback control of a single qubit in diamond p.77

A feedback-control algorithm implemented using a solid-state spin qubit system associated with the nitrogen vacancy centre in diamond is demonstrated; the algorithm uses coherent feedback to overcome the limitations of measurement-based feedback and protects the qubit against intrinsic dephasing noise, making it stable for milliseconds.

doi: 10.1038/nature17404

物性物理学:超伝導硫化水素系における量子水素結合の対称化

Quantum hydrogen-bond symmetrization in the superconducting hydrogen sulfide system p.81

Ab initio calculations are used to determine the contribution of quantum fluctuations to the crystal structure of the high-pressure superconducting phase of H3S and D3S; the quantum nature of the proton is found to fundamentally change the superconducting phase diagram of H3S.

doi: 10.1038/nature17175

生物材料:ヒョウタンウツボカズラの口縁部表面における連続的な方向性水輸送

Continuous directional water transport on the peristome surface of Nepenthes alata p.85

Insects are captured by the carnivorous plant Nepenthes alata when they ‘aquaplane’ on the wet rim, or ‘peristome’, of the plant’s pitcher organ; here it is shown that unidirectional water flow is crucial to the complete wetting of the peristome, and that the underlying mechanism involves multiscale structural features.

doi: 10.1038/nature17189

化学:(+)-ホルボールの19ステップ全合成

Nineteen-step total synthesis of (+)-phorbol p.90

Enantiospecific total synthesis of (+)-phorbol in only 19 steps from the abundant monoterpene (+)-3-carene is demonstrated using a two-phase terpene synthesis strategy.

doi: 10.1038/nature17153

気候:過去12世紀にわたる北半球の水文気候変動

Northern Hemisphere hydroclimate variability over the past twelve centuries p.94

A very large set of proxy data is used to reconstruct Northern Hemisphere hydroclimate variability over the past twelve centuries, to benchmark climate model simulations of hydroclimate; the twentieth-century intensification of hydroclimate extremes seen in the model simulations is not supported by the proxy reconstruction.

doi: 10.1038/nature17418

生物地理学:後期第四紀の気候変動が島の生物多様性を形作る

Late Quaternary climate change shapes island biodiversity p.99

Changes in island area, isolation and connectivity observed since the Last Glacial Maximum have had measurable effects on present-day biodiversity, with formerly larger and less well connected islands having a greater number of endemic species.

doi: 10.1038/nature17443

神経科学:捕食者のにおいに対するストレスホルモン応答に関わる特異的な嗅覚野領域

A specific area of olfactory cortex involved in stress hormone responses to predator odours p.103

Exposure to predator scents triggers an instinctive fear response in mice, including a surge in blood levels of stress hormones; here, the amygdalo-piriform transition area is identified as provoking these hormonal responses.

doi: 10.1038/nature17156

幹細胞:半数体ヒト胚性幹細胞の誘導と分化

Derivation and differentiation of haploid human embryonic stem cells p.107

Haploid human embryonic stem cells have been derived from haploid oocytes, the cells maintain a normal haploid karyotype as pluripotent cells and, unexpectedly, as differentiated cells — loss-of-function genetic screens previously performed with haploid embryonic stem cells in mice can now be performed in humans.

doi: 10.1038/nature17408

細胞生物学:ミトコンドリアのROSは熱産生によるエネルギー消費とUCP1のスルフェニル化を調節する

Mitochondrial ROS regulate thermogenic energy expenditure and sulfenylation of UCP1 p.112

Uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1)-dependent thermogenesis in brown adipose tissue is supported by a burst of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species upon cold exposure.

doi: 10.1038/nature17399

免疫学:Lypd8は有鞭毛微生物相と大腸上皮の隔離を促進する

Lypd8 promotes the segregation of flagellated microbiota and colonic epithelia p.117

Lypd8 protein derived from intestinal epithelial cells binds to flagellated bacteria to reduce their motility, which limits the entry of Gram-negative bacteria into the inner colonic mucus and prevents invasion of colonic epithelia.

doi: 10.1038/nature17406

心血管疾患:脳海綿状血管腫は内皮におけるMEKK3–KLF2/4シグナル伝達の増加により生じる

Cerebral cavernous malformations arise from endothelial gain of MEKK3–KLF2/4 signalling p.122

Gain of MEKK3 signalling is shown to cause cerebral cavernous malformations (CCMs) via activation of the target genes Klf2 and Klf4; endothelial-specific loss of MEKK3, KLF2 or KLF4 prevents lesion formation and lethality in a mouse CCM model.

doi: 10.1038/nature17178

構造生物学:レナリドミドにより誘発され、CRL4CRBNユビキチンリガーゼによって起こるCK1α分解の構造基盤

Structural basis of lenalidomide-induced CK1α degradation by the CRL4CRBN ubiquitin ligase p.127

Thalidomide and its derivative lenalidomide bind the CRL4CRBN E3 ubiquitin ligase and target protein substrates for degradation; structural and functional data determined here show that casein kinase 1α and the lymphoid transcription factor Ikaros, the efficacy targets of lenalidomide in two different blood cancers, interact with the CRBN–lenalidomide interface through a β-hairpin destruction motif.

doi: 10.1038/nature16979

構造生物学:セパラーゼによるコヒーシン切断の構造基盤

Structural basis of cohesin cleavage by separase p.131

The crystal structures of the protease domain of separase are reported, showing how separase recognizes cohesin, and how phosphorylation of the cleavage site enhances separase activity.

doi: 10.1038/nature17402

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