Oil and gas emissions could far exceed current estimates p.5

doi: 10.1038/d41586-018-02581-2

A code of ethics to get scientists talking p.5

doi: 10.1038/d41586-018-02516-x

Nature journals announce two steps to improve transparency p.6

doi: 10.1038/d41586-018-02563-4

China’s lust for jaguar fangs imperils big cats p.13

doi: 10.1038/d41586-018-02314-5

UK scientists brace for disruption from huge academic strike p.14

doi: 10.1038/d41586-018-02350-1

Florida residents could soon get the power to alter science classes p.15

doi: 10.1038/d41586-018-02434-y

Indian scientist's sacking spotlights sexual harassment p.16

doi: 10.1038/d41586-018-02249-x

Promising HIV vaccines could stall without coordinated research p.17

doi: 10.1038/d41586-018-02538-5

Researchers have finally created a tool to spot duplicated images across thousands of papers p.18

doi: 10.1038/d41586-018-02421-3

How flashing lights and pink noise might banish Alzheimer’s, improve memory and more p.20

doi: 10.1038/d41586-018-02391-6

Precision maps for public health p.32

doi: 10.1038/d41586-018-02096-w

Qubits break the sound barrier p.33

doi: 10.1038/d41586-018-02402-6

A gut feeling for cellular fate p.34

doi: 10.1038/d41586-018-01460-0

Quantum upside-down cake p.36

doi: 10.1038/d41586-018-02329-y

Tight complexes from disordered proteins p.37

doi: 10.1038/d41586-018-01694-y

A surprising chill before the cosmic dawn p.38

doi: 10.1038/d41586-018-02310-9

Mapping child growth failure in Africa between 2000 and 2015 OPEN p.41

doi: 10.1038/nature25760

Mapping local variation in educational attainment across Africa OPEN p.48

doi: 10.1038/nature25761

Population snapshots predict early haematopoietic and erythroid hierarchies p.54

doi: 10.1038/nature25741

Extreme disorder in an ultrahigh-affinity protein complex p.61

doi: 10.1038/nature25762

An absorption profile centred at 78 megahertz in the sky-averaged spectrum p.67

doi: 10.1038/nature25792

Possible interaction between baryons and dark-matter particles revealed by the first stars p.71

doi: 10.1038/nature25791

Fast quantum logic gates with trapped-ion qubits p.75

doi: 10.1038/nature25737

Probing the interatomic potential of solids with strong-field nonlinear phononics p.79

doi: 10.1038/nature25484

Skin electronics from scalable fabrication of an intrinsically stretchable transistor array p.83

doi: 10.1038/nature25494

Hadean silicate differentiation preserved by anomalous 142Nd/144Nd ratios in the Réunion hotspot source p.89

Active volcanic hotspots can tap into domains in Earth’s deep interior that were formed more than two billion years ago. High-precision data on variability in tungsten isotopes have shown that some of these domains resulted from differentiation events that occurred within the first fifty million years of Earth history. However, it has not proved easy to resolve analogous variability in neodymium isotope compositions that would track regions of Earth’s interior whose composition was established by events occurring within roughly the first five hundred million years of Earth history. Here we report 142Nd/144Nd ratios for Réunion Island igneous rocks, some of which are resolvably either higher or lower than the ratios in modern upper-mantle domains. We also find that Réunion 142Nd/144Nd ratios correlate with helium-isotope ratios (3He/4He), suggesting parallel behaviour of these isotopic systems during very early silicate differentiation, perhaps as early as 4.39 billion years ago. The range of 142Nd/144Nd ratios in Réunion basalts is inconsistent with a single-stage differentiation process, and instead requires mixing of a conjugate melt and residue formed in at least one melting event during the Hadean eon, 4.56 billion to 4 billion years ago. Efficient post-Hadean mixing nearly erased the ancient, anomalous 142Nd/144Nd signatures, and produced the relatively homogeneous 143Nd/144Nd composition that is characteristic of Réunion basalts. Our results show that Réunion magmas tap into a particularly ancient, primitive source compared with other volcanic hotspots, offering insight into the formation and preservation of ancient heterogeneities in Earth’s interior.

doi: 10.1038/nature25754

Evolutionary history resolves global organization of root functional traits p.94

doi: 10.1038/nature25783

Circadian clock neurons constantly monitor environmental temperature to set sleep timing p.98

Circadian clocks coordinate behaviour, physiology and metabolism with Earth’s diurnal cycle. These clocks entrain to both light and temperature cycles, and daily environmental temperature oscillations probably contribute to human sleep patterns. However, the neural mechanisms through which circadian clocks monitor environmental temperature and modulate behaviour remain poorly understood. Here we elucidate how the circadian clock neuron network of Drosophila melanogaster processes changes in environmental temperature. In vivo calcium-imaging techniques demonstrate that the posterior dorsal neurons 1 (DN1_ps), which are a discrete subset of sleep-promoting clock neurons, constantly monitor modest changes in environmental temperature. We find that these neurons are acutely inhibited by heating and excited by cooling; this is an unexpected result when considering the strong correlation between temperature and light, and the fact that light excites clock neurons. We demonstrate that the DN1_ps rely on peripheral thermoreceptors located in the chordotonal organs and the aristae. We also show that the DN1_ps and their thermosensory inputs are required for the normal timing of sleep in the presence of naturalistic temperature cycles. These results identify the DN1_ps as a major gateway for temperature sensation into the circadian neural network, which continuously integrates temperature changes to coordinate the timing of sleep and activity.

doi: 10.1038/nature25740

Mechanical regulation of stem-cell differentiation by the stretch-activated Piezo channel p.103

Somatic stem cells constantly adjust their self-renewal and lineage commitment by integrating various environmental cues to maintain tissue homeostasis. Although numerous chemical and biological signals have been identified that regulate stem-cell behaviour, whether stem cells can directly sense mechanical signals in vivo remains unclear. Here we show that mechanical stress regulates stem-cell differentiation in the adult Drosophila midgut through the stretch-activated ion channel Piezo. We find that Piezo is specifically expressed in previously unidentified enteroendocrine precursor cells, which have reduced proliferation ability and are destined to become enteroendocrine cells. Loss of Piezo activity reduces the generation of enteroendocrine cells in the adult midgut. In addition, ectopic expression of Piezo in all stem cells triggers both cell proliferation and enteroendocrine cell differentiation. Both the Piezo mutant and overexpression phenotypes can be rescued by manipulation of cytosolic Ca2+ levels, and increases in cytosolic Ca2+ resemble the Piezo overexpression phenotype, suggesting that Piezo functions through Ca2+ signalling. Further studies suggest that Ca2+ signalling promotes stem-cell proliferation and differentiation through separate pathways. Finally, Piezo is required for both mechanical activation of stem cells in a gut expansion assay and the increase of cytosolic Ca2+ in response to direct mechanical stimulus in a gut compression assay. Thus, our study demonstrates the existence of a specific group of stem cells in the fly midgut that can directly sense mechanical signals through Piezo.

doi: 10.1038/nature25744

Sequences enriched in Alu repeats drive nuclear localization of long RNAs in human cells p.107

doi: 10.1038/nature25757

Intragenic origins due to short G1 phases underlie oncogene-induced DNA replication stress p.112

doi: 10.1038/nature25507

The cryo-electron microscopy structure of huntingtin p.117

doi: 10.1038/nature25502

Phase-plate cryo-EM structure of a biased agonist-bound human GLP-1 receptor–Gs complex p.121

The class B glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) G protein-coupled receptor is a major target for the treatment of type 2 diabetes and obesity. Endogenous and mimetic GLP-1 peptides exhibit biased agonism—a difference in functional selectivity—that may provide improved therapeutic outcomes. Here we describe the structure of the human GLP-1 receptor in complex with the G protein-biased peptide exendin-P5 and a Gα_s heterotrimer, determined at a global resolution of 3.3 Å. At the extracellular surface, the organization of extracellular loop 3 and proximal transmembrane segments differs between our exendin-P5-bound structure and previous GLP-1-bound GLP-1 receptor structure. At the intracellular face, there was a six-degree difference in the angle of the Gαs–α5 helix engagement between structures, which was propagated across the G protein heterotrimer. In addition, the structures differed in the rate and extent of conformational reorganization of the Gα_s protein. Our structure provides insights into the molecular basis of biased agonism.

doi: 10.1038/nature25773