Laws are not the only way to boost immunization p.249

doi: 10.1038/d41586-018-00660-y

China needs to listen to its researchers to become a scientific superpower p.249

doi: 10.1038/d41586-018-00659-5

Maths strikes a blow for democracy p.250

doi: 10.1038/d41586-018-00661-x

Revamped collider hunts for cracks in the fundamental theory of physics p.257

doi: 10.1038/d41586-018-00162-x

US immigration fight heightens legal limbo for young 'Dreamer' scientists p.258

doi: 10.1038/d41586-018-00489-5

Synthetic species made to shun sex with wild organisms p.259

doi: 10.1038/d41586-018-00625-1

China enters the battle for AI talent p.260

doi: 10.1038/d41586-018-00604-6

NASA test proves pulsars can function as a celestial GPS p.261

doi: 10.1038/d41586-018-00478-8

Could baby’s first bacteria take root before birth? p.264

doi: 10.1038/d41586-018-00664-8

The dark side of light: how artificial lighting is harming the natural world p.268

doi: 10.1038/d41586-018-00665-7

Mice learn to avoid the rat race p.284

doi: 10.1038/d41586-017-08835-9

Pathogens boosted by food additive p.285

doi: 10.1038/d41586-017-08775-4

Strategy for making safer opioids bolstered p.286

doi: 10.1038/d41586-018-00045-1

Homing in on a key factor of climate change p.288

doi: 10.1038/d41586-018-00480-0

Limitless translation limits translation p.289

doi: 10.1038/d41586-017-08785-2

Dietary trehalose enhances virulence of epidemic Clostridium difficile p.291

doi: 10.1038/nature25178

Molecular mechanism of promoter opening by RNA polymerase III p.295

doi: 10.1038/nature25440

Structural basis of RNA polymerase III transcription initiation p.301

doi: 10.1038/nature25441

Black-hole-regulated star formation in massive galaxies p.307

doi: 10.1038/nature24999

Large granulation cells on the surface of the giant star π1 Gruis p.310

Convection plays a major part in many astrophysical processes, including energy transport, pulsation, dynamos and winds on evolved stars, in dust clouds and on brown dwarfs. Most of our knowledge about stellar convection has come from studying the Sun: about two million convective cells with typical sizes of around 2,000 kilometres across are present on the surface of the Sun—a phenomenon known as granulation. But on the surfaces of giant and supergiant stars there should be only a few large (several tens of thousands of times larger than those on the Sun) convective cells, owing to low surface gravity. Deriving the characteristic properties of convection (such as granule size and contrast) for the most evolved giant and supergiant stars is challenging because their photospheres are obscured by dust, which partially masks the convective patterns. These properties can be inferred from geometric model fitting, but this indirect method does not provide information about the physical origin of the convective cells. Here we report interferometric images of the surface of the evolved giant star π1 Gruis, of spectral type S5,7. Our images show a nearly circular, dust-free atmosphere, which is very compact and only weakly affected by molecular opacity. We find that the stellar surface has a complex convective pattern with an average intensity contrast of 12 per cent, which increases towards shorter wavelengths. We derive a characteristic horizontal granule size of about 1.2 × 1011 metres, which corresponds to 27 per cent of the diameter of the star. Our measurements fall along the scaling relations between granule size, effective temperature and surface gravity that are predicted by simulations of stellar surface convection.

doi: 10.1038/nature25001

Systems of mechanized and reactive droplets powered by multi-responsive surfactants p.313

doi: 10.1038/nature25137

Emergent constraint on equilibrium climate sensitivity from global temperature variability p.319

doi: 10.1038/nature25450

A record of deep-ocean dissolved O2 from the oxidation state of iron in submarine basalts p.323

doi: 10.1038/nature25009

Warfare and wildlife declines in Africa’s protected areas p.328

doi: 10.1038/nature25194

A global map of travel time to cities to assess inequalities in accessibility in 2015 p.333

doi: 10.1038/nature25181

Paternal chromosome loss and metabolic crisis contribute to hybrid inviability in Xenopus p.337

doi: 10.1038/nature25188

An extracellular network of Arabidopsis leucine-rich repeat receptor kinases p.342

The cells of multicellular organisms receive extracellular signals using surface receptors. The extracellular domains (ECDs) of cell surface receptors function as interaction platforms, and as regulatory modules of receptor activation. Understanding how interactions between ECDs produce signal-competent receptor complexes is challenging because of their low biochemical tractability. In plants, the discovery of ECD interactions is complicated by the massive expansion of receptor families, which creates tremendous potential for changeover in receptor interactions. The largest of these families in Arabidopsis thaliana consists of 225 evolutionarily related leucine-rich repeat receptor kinases (LRR-RKs), which function in the sensing of microorganisms, cell expansion, stomata development and stem-cell maintenance. Although the principles that govern LRR-RK signalling activation are emerging, the systems-level organization of this family of proteins is unknown. Here, to address this, we investigated 40,000 potential ECD interactions using a sensitized high-throughput interaction assay, and produced an LRR-based cell surface interaction network (CSILRR) that consists of 567 interactions. To demonstrate the power of CSILRR for detecting biologically relevant interactions, we predicted and validated the functions of uncharacterized LRR-RKs in plant growth and immunity. In addition, we show that CSILRR operates as a unified regulatory network in which the LRR-RKs most crucial for its overall structure are required to prevent the aberrant signalling of receptors that are several network-steps away. Thus, plants have evolved LRR-RK networks to process extracellular signals into carefully balanced responses.

doi: 10.1038/nature25184

High response rate to PD-1 blockade in desmoplastic melanomas p.347

doi: 10.1038/nature25187

Pharmacological activation of REV-ERBs is lethal in cancer and oncogene-induced senescence p.351

doi: 10.1038/nature25170

AMD1 mRNA employs ribosome stalling as a mechanism for molecular memory formation p.356

doi: 10.1038/nature25174

Architecture of a channel-forming O-antigen polysaccharide ABC transporter p.361

doi: 10.1038/nature25190