Loss of net neutrality could harm research p.147

Moves to create a multi-speed Internet could push science into the slow lane.

doi: 10.1038/d41586-017-07842-0

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Bureaucratic drag dents Japan’s nuclear science p.147

Japan needs a better way to assess whether research reactors are safe to re-open.

doi: 10.1038/d41586-017-08464-2

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How to avoid glib interdisciplinarity p.148

To make progress on the grand challenges, authors, reviewers and editors must take the time to respect each others’ expertise and blind spots.

doi: 10.1038/d41586-017-08465-1

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Nine researchers sue University of Rochester over sexual-harassment allegations p.155

Lawsuit alleges that the institution mishandled complaints about cognitive scientist Florian Jaeger.

doi: 10.1038/d41586-017-08235-z

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Tasmanian tiger genome offers clues to its extinction p.156

Geneticists analyse DNA from preserved pup, more than 80 years after the last of its kind died.

doi: 10.1038/d41586-017-08368-1

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Acupuncture in cancer study reignites debate about controversial technique p.157

Large study suggests acupuncture could help women stick with unpleasant cancer treatments.

doi: 10.1038/d41586-017-08309-y

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US graduate students in uproar over proposed tax hike p.157

Worries over the cost of an education spill over into protests.

doi: 10.1038/d41586-017-07879-1

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Argentinian geoscientist faces criminal charges over glacier survey p.158

Government researcher Ricardo Villalba stands accused of shaping a study to benefit mining interests.

doi: 10.1038/d41586-017-08236-y

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The science that’s never been cited p.162

Nature investigates how many papers really end up without a single citation.

doi: 10.1038/d41586-017-08404-0

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Early embryos kept in check p.178

As pluripotent stem cells become primed to give rise to all bodily cell types, they begin to form the amniotic cavity in which the mammalian fetus will grow. A checkpoint that gates this transition has now been identified.

doi: 10.1038/d41586-017-07436-w

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Stellar cannibalism in fits and starts p.179

Dense stellar remnants called white dwarfs are often found in binary star systems. Satellite observations suggest a previously unknown way in which a white dwarf can draw material from its companion star.

doi: 10.1038/d41586-017-08286-2

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A dark side to omega-3 fatty acids p.180

The molecule 19,20-dihydroxydocosapentaenoic acid, formed by the metabolism of a fatty acid involved in normal brain function, promotes the development of a diabetes-associated form of blindness in a mouse model.

doi: 10.1038/d41586-017-07678-8

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Longer life through an odd Pol enzyme p.182

The evolutionarily conserved enzyme RNA polymerase III is a driver of protein synthesis and cell growth. It emerges that partial suppression of this essential enzyme extends lifespan in yeast, roundworms and flies.

doi: 10.1038/d41586-017-07435-x

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Antarctic ice dynamics in warm climates p.183

A geological record reveals that the Aurora sector of the Antarctic Ice Sheet showed contrasting responses to past periods of atmospheric warmth. The findings might help to predict the ice sheet’s response to modern warming.

doi: 10.1038/d41586-017-08285-3

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Viruses hijack a long non-coding RNA p.184

Manipulation of host-cell metabolism is an essential aspect of viral replication cycles. Viral co-option of a cellular long non-protein-coding RNA has now been found to be a key step in this process.

doi: 10.1038/d41586-017-07692-w

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Enhancing mitochondrial proteostasis reduces amyloid-β proteotoxicity p.187

Amyloid-β peptide proteopathies disrupt mitochondria, and restoring mitochondrial proteostasis reduces protein aggregation in animal models of amyloid-β disease.

Vincenzo Sorrentino, Mario Romani, Laurent Mouchiroud, John S. Beck, Hongbo Zhang, Davide D’Amico, Norman Moullan, Francesca Potenza, Adrien W. Schmid, Solène Rietsch + et al., Scott E. Counts & Johan Auwerx - Show fewer authors

doi: 10.1038/nature25143

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Alcohol-abuse drug disulfiram targets cancer via p97 segregase adaptor NPL4 p.194

Amyloid-β peptide proteopathies disrupt mitochondria, and restoring mitochondrial proteostasis reduces protein aggregation in animal models of amyloid-β disease.

Zdenek Skrott, Martin Mistrik, Klaus Kaae Andersen, Søren Friis, Dusana Majera, Jan Gursky, Tomas Ozdian, Jirina Bartkova, Zsofia Turi, Pavel Moudry + et al., Marianne Kraus, Martina Michalova, Jana Vaclavkova, Petr Dzubak, Ivo Vrobel, Pavla Pouckova, Jindrich Sedlacek, Andrea Miklovicova, Anne Kutt, Jing Li, Jana Mattova, Christoph Driessen, Q. Ping Dou, Jørgen Olsen, Marian Hajduch, Boris Cvek, Raymond J. Deshaies & Jiri Bartek - Show fewer authors

doi: 10.1038/nature25016

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Electron cryo-microscopy structure of a human TRPM4 channel p.200

The structure of the Ca²⁺-activated, non-selective ion channel TRPM4 bound to the agonist Ca²⁺ and a modulator decavanadate, solved using electron cryo-microscopy.

Paige A. Winkler, Yihe Huang, Weinan Sun, Juan Du & Wei Lü

doi: 10.1038/nature24674

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Structures of the calcium-activated, non-selective cation channel TRPM4 p.205

Electron cryo-microscopy structures of mouse TRPM4, a calcium-activated, non-selective cation channel, in the apo and ATP-bound states.

Jiangtao Guo, Ji She, Weizhong Zeng, Qingfeng Chen, Xiao-chen Bai & Youxing Jiang

doi: 10.1038/nature24997

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Magnetically gated accretion in an accreting ‘non-magnetic’ white dwarf p.210

A weak magnetic field regulates magnetically gated accretion of gas from a companion star onto the white dwarf in the binary system MV Lyrae, previously labelled as a ‘non-magnetic’ system.

S. Scaringi, T. J. Maccarone, C. D’Angelo, C. Knigge & P. J. Groot

doi: 10.1038/nature24653

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An electric-eel-inspired soft power source from stacked hydrogels p.214

Miniature hydrogel compartments in scalable stacked and folded geometries were used to prepare a contact-activated artificial electric organ.

Thomas B. H. Schroeder, Anirvan Guha, Aaron Lamoureux, Gloria VanRenterghem, David Sept, Max Shtein, Jerry Yang & Michael Mayer

doi: 10.1038/nature24670

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Force loading explains spatial sensing of ligands by cells p.219

The formation of cellular adhesion complexes is important in normal and pathological cell activity, and is determined by the force imposed by the combined effect of the distribution of extracellular matrix molecules and substrate rigidity.

Roger Oria, Tina Wiegand, Jorge Escribano, Alberto Elosegui-Artola, Juan Jose Uriarte, Cristian Moreno-Pulido, Ilia Platzman, Pietro Delcanale, Lorenzo Albertazzi, Daniel Navajas + et al., Xavier Trepat, José Manuel García-Aznar, Elisabetta Ada Cavalcanti-Adam & Pere Roca-Cusachs - Show fewer authors

doi: 10.1038/nature24662

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Initiation and long-term instability of the East Antarctic Ice Sheet p.225

Geophysical and geological data reveal increased ice-sheet variability and surface meltwater—possibly analogous to future conditions—offshore of the Aurora subglacial basin of East Antarctica during warm climate intervals of the past 50 million years.

doi: 10.1038/nature25026

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Large emissions from floodplain trees close the Amazon methane budget p.230

Methane fluxes from the stems of Amazonian floodplain trees indicate that the escape of soil gas through wetland trees is the dominant source of methane emissions in the Amazon basin.

Sunitha R. Pangala, Alex Enrich-Prast, Luana S. Basso, Roberta Bittencourt Peixoto, David Bastviken, Edward R. C. Hornibrook, Luciana V. Gatti, Humberto Marotta, Luana Silva Braucks Calazans, Cassia Mônica Sakuragui + et al., Wanderley Rodrigues Bastos, Olaf Malm, Emanuel Gloor, John Bharat Miller & Vincent Gauci - Show fewer authors

doi: 10.1038/nature24639

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A compositional tipping point governing the mobilization and eruption style of rhyolitic magma p.235

Measurements of the composition-dependent viscosity of rhyolitic magma reveal a tipping point that changes the physical properties of the melt and controls the transition between effusive and explosive eruptions.

doi: 10.1038/nature24488

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Pluripotent state transitions coordinate morphogenesis in mouse and human embryos p.239

Exit of epiblasts from an unrestricted naive pluripotent state is required for epithelialization and generation of the pro-amniotic cavity in mouse embryos and for amniotic cavity formation in human embryos and human embryonic stem cells.

Marta N. Shahbazi, Antonio Scialdone, Natalia Skorupska, Antonia Weberling, Gaelle Recher, Meng Zhu, Agnieszka Jedrusik, Liani G. Devito, Laila Noli, Iain C. Macaulay + et al., Christa Buecker, Yakoub Khalaf, Dusko Ilic, Thierry Voet, John C. Marioni & Magdalena Zernicka-Goetz - Show fewer authors

doi: 10.1038/nature24675

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Moving beyond microbiome-wide associations to causal microbe identification p.244

Triangulation of microbe–phenotype relationships is an effective method for reducing the noise inherent in microbiota studies and enabling identification of causal microbes of disease, which may be applicable to human microbiome studies.

Neeraj K. Surana & Dennis L. Kasper

doi: 10.1038/nature25019

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Inhibition of soluble epoxide hydrolase prevents diabetic retinopathy p.248

A product of the soluble epoxide hydrolase enzyme, 19,20-dihydroxydocosapentaenoic acid (19,20-DHDP), is implicated in the pathogenesis of diabetic retinopathy; levels of 19,20-DHDP increase in the retinas of mice and humans with diabetes, and inhibition of its production can rescue vascular abnormalities in a mouse model of the disease.

Jiong Hu, Sarah Dziumbla, Jihong Lin, Sofia-Iris Bibli, Sven Zukunft, Julian de Mos, Khader Awwad, Timo Frömel, Andreas Jungmann, Kavi Devraj + et al., Zhixing Cheng, Liya Wang, Sascha Fauser, Charles G. Eberhart, Akrit Sodhi, Bruce D. Hammock, Stefan Liebner, Oliver J. Müller, Clemens Glaubitz, Hans-Peter Hammes, Rüdiger Popp & Ingrid Fleming - Show fewer authors

doi: 10.1038/nature25013

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Runx3 programs CD8+ T cell residency in non-lymphoid tissues and tumours p.253

Tissue-resident memory CD8+ T (T_RM) cells are found at common sites of pathogen exposure, where they elicit rapid and robust protective immune responses. However, the molecular signals that control T_RM cell differentiation and homeostasis are not fully understood. Here we show that mouse T_RM precursor cells represent a unique CD8+ T cell subset that is distinct from the precursors of circulating memory cell populations at the levels of gene expression and chromatin accessibility. Using computational and pooled in vivo RNA interference screens, we identify the transcription factor Runx3 as a key regulator of T_RM cell differentiation and homeostasis. Runx3 was required to establish T_RM cell populations in diverse tissue environments, and supported the expression of crucial tissue-residency genes while suppressing genes associated with tissue egress and recirculation. Furthermore, we show that human and mouse tumour-infiltrating lymphocytes share a core tissue-residency gene-expression signature with T_RM cells that is associated with Runx3 activity. In a mouse model of adoptive T cell therapy for melanoma, Runx3-deficient CD8+ tumour-infiltrating lymphocytes failed to accumulate in tumours, resulting in greater rates of tumour growth and mortality. Conversely, overexpression of Runx3 enhanced tumour-specific CD8+ T cell abundance, delayed tumour growth, and prolonged survival. In addition to establishing Runx3 as a central regulator of T_RM cell differentiation, these results provide insight into the signals that promote T cell residency in non-lymphoid sites, which could be used to enhance vaccine efficacy or adoptive cell therapy treatments that target cancer.

J. Justin Milner, Clara Toma, Bingfei Yu, Kai Zhang, Kyla Omilusik, Anthony T. Phan, Dapeng Wang, Adam J. Getzler, Toan Nguyen, Shane Crotty + et al., Wei Wang, Matthew E. Pipkin & Ananda W. Goldrath - Show fewer authors

doi: 10.1038/nature24993

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A non-canonical Notch complex regulates adherens junctions and vascular barrier function p.258

The transmembrane domain of NOTCH1 plays a key role in the assembly of adherens junctions and the non-transcriptional regulation of vascular permeability that links transcriptional programs with adhesive and cytoskeletal remodelling.

William J. Polacheck, Matthew L. Kutys, Jinling Yang, Jeroen Eyckmans, Yinyu Wu, Hema Vasavada, Karen K. Hirschi & Christopher S. Chen

doi: 10.1038/nature24998

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RNA polymerase III limits longevity downstream of TORC1 p.263

RNA polymerase III is a key evolutionarily conserved regulator of longevity that may have potential as a therapeutic target for age-related conditions.

Danny Filer, Maximillian A. Thompson, Vakil Takhaveev, Adam J. Dobson, Ilektra Kotronaki, James W. M. Green, Matthias Heinemann, Jennifer M. A. Tullet & Nazif Alic

doi: 10.1038/nature25007

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piRNA-mediated regulation of transposon alternative splicing in the soma and germ line p.268

A new mechanism of pre-mRNA splicing regulation is revealed that is mediated by piRNA pathway components and is dependent on heterochromatin histone modifications.

Felipe Karam Teixeira, Martyna Okuniewska, Colin D. Malone, Rémi-Xavier Coux, Donald C. Rio & Ruth Lehmann

doi: 10.1038/nature25018

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KAT2A coupled with the α-KGDH complex acts as a histone H3 succinyltransferase p.273

Histone modifications, such as the frequently occurring lysine succinylation, are central to the regulation of chromatin-based processes. However, the mechanism and functional consequences of histone succinylation are unknown. Here we show that the α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase (α-KGDH) complex is localized in the nucleus in human cell lines and binds to lysine acetyltransferase 2A (KAT2A, also known as GCN5) in the promoter regions of genes. We show that succinyl-coenzyme A (succinyl-CoA) binds to KAT2A. The crystal structure of the catalytic domain of KAT2A in complex with succinyl-CoA at 2.3 Å resolution shows that succinyl-CoA binds to a deep cleft of KAT2A with the succinyl moiety pointing towards the end of a flexible loop 3, which adopts different structural conformations in succinyl-CoA-bound and acetyl-CoA-bound forms. Site-directed mutagenesis indicates that tyrosine 645 in this loop has an important role in the selective binding of succinyl-CoA over acetyl-CoA. KAT2A acts as a succinyltransferase and succinylates histone H3 on lysine 79, with a maximum frequency around the transcription start sites of genes. Preventing the α-KGDH complex from entering the nucleus, or expression of KAT2A(Tyr645Ala), reduces gene expression and inhibits tumour cell proliferation and tumour growth. These findings reveal an important mechanism of histone modification and demonstrate that local generation of succinyl-CoA by the nuclear α-KGDH complex coupled with the succinyltransferase activity of KAT2A is instrumental in histone succinylation, tumour cell proliferation, and tumour development.

Yugang Wang, Yusong R. Guo, Ke Liu, Zheng Yin, Rui Liu, Yan Xia, Lin Tan, Peiying Yang, Jong-Ho Lee, Xin-jian Li + et al., David Hawke, Yanhua Zheng, Xu Qian, Jianxin Lyu, Jie He, Dongming Xing, Yizhi Jane Tao & Zhimin Lu - Show fewer authors

doi: 10.1038/nature25003

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