2016년12월15일

전호 다음 호

리서치 하이라이트

컨텐츠

Editorials
News
News Features
News & Views
Articles
Letters

Editorials

Donald Trump’s choice for head of the US environment agency is dismaying p.315

Scott Pruitt has consistently opposed attempts to reduce pollution.

doi: 10.1038/540315b

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Corporate culture spreads to Scandinavian institutes p.315

The trend of turning universities into businesses is limiting research freedoms in traditionally liberal institutes in northern Europe. It is time for scientists to regain lost ground.

doi: 10.1038/540315a

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Sequence reveals genes behind bizarre sea-horse traits p.316

A Nature paper explores this unusual creature from the inside out.

doi: 10.1038/540316a

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News

Tech giants open virtual worlds to bevy of AI programs p.323

Artificial-intelligence algorithms can learn a lot from playing immersive 3D video games.

doi: 10.1038/540323a

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Italian scientists won’t miss departing Prime Minister Matteo Renzi p.324

Italy’s youngest leader failed to walk the talk when it came to boosting research, academics say.

doi: 10.1038/nature.2016.21139

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Controversial impact factor gets a heavyweight rival p.325

Elsevier’s CiteScore uses a larger database — and provides different results for the quality of journals.

doi: 10.1038/nature.2016.21131

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CRISPR heavyweights battle in US patent court p.326

The University of California, Berkeley, and the Broad Institute are vying for lucrative rights to the gene-editing system.

doi: 10.1038/nature.2016.21101

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Does it matter if Donald Trump has a science adviser? p.327

His plans for the job are a mystery, but past presidents have used their chief scientific aide in a number of ways.

doi: 10.1038/nature.2016.21129

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Algorithms compete to predict recipe for cancer vaccine p.328

How to rouse the immune system against tumours has proved elusive.

doi: 10.1038/540328a

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News Features

Three minutes with Hans Rosling will change your mind about the world p.330

He has influenced leaders from Melinda Gates to Fidel Castro. Now, he is on a mission to save the people from their preconceived ideas.

doi: 10.1038/540330a

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News & Views

Inside-out receptor inhibition p.344

Structures of two chemokine receptor proteins in complex with small molecules reveal a previously unknown binding pocket that could be a drug target for treating a range of diseases involving this receptor family. See Letters p.458 & p.462

doi: 10.1038/nature20486

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A radical change in enzyme catalysis p.345

A method has been devised that allows a ketoreductase enzyme to catalyse reactions other than its natural ones. The key is to excite the enzyme's cofactor using light – an approach that might work for other enzymes. See Letter p.414

doi: 10.1038/540345a

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A gene-expression profile for leukaemia p.346

Can simple genetic risk profiles be identified for complex diseases? The development of a gene-expression profile for acute myeloid leukaemia suggests that they can, and that they may improve prognosis prediction. See Letter p.433

doi: 10.1038/nature20488

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The dynamics of Earth's surface water p.348

High-resolution satellite mapping of Earth's surface water during the past 32 years reveals changes in the planet's water systems, including the influence of natural cycles and human activities. See Letter p.418

doi: 10.1038/nature21100

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Cause and consequence in aged-muscle decline p.349

Activation of aged muscle stem cells induces changes in DNA packaging that lead to expression of the gene Hoxa9. This reactivates embryonic signalling pathways, restricting the cells' ability to repair injured muscle. See Letter p.428

doi: 10.1038/nature20485

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An eye on retinal recovery p.350

Retinal-cell transplants restore vision in mouse models of retinal degeneration. It emerges that the transplant leads to an exchange of material between donor and host cells — not to donor-cell integration into the retina, as had been presumed.

doi: 10.1038/nature20487

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Articles

The seahorse genome and the evolution of its specialized morphology p.395

Here, the genome sequence of the tiger tail seahorse is reported and comparative genomic analyses with other ray-finned fishes are used to explore the genetic basis of the unique morphology and reproductive system of the seahorse.

doi: 10.1038/nature20595

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Electric-field-stimulated protein mechanics p.400

A new method in which strong electric fields are applied to a protein crystal while collecting time-resolved X-ray diffraction patterns is able to follow the mechanical motions of all the constituent atoms, with implications for molecular biology and drug discovery.

doi: 10.1038/nature20571

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Letters

Resolved images of a protostellar outflow driven by an extended disk wind p.406

Observations of the outflow associated with the TMC1A protostellar system reveal that the ‘disk wind’ model correctly explains how material is ejected from protostars.

doi: 10.1038/nature20600

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Extensive degeneracy, Coulomb phase and magnetic monopoles in artificial square ice p.410

All of the characteristics of the square-ice model are observed in an artificial square-ice system in which the two sublattices of nanomagnets are slightly vertically separated.

doi: 10.1038/nature20155

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Accessing non-natural reactivity by irradiating nicotinamide-dependent enzymes with light p.414

Photoexcitation of a catalytic enzyme’s co-factor is shown to change the reactivity of the enzyme, enabling it to carry out a non-natural enantioselective dehalogenation of lactone molecules.

doi: 10.1038/nature20569

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High-resolution mapping of global surface water and its long-term changes p.418

A freely available dataset produced from three million Landsat satellite images reveals substantial changes in the distribution of global surface water over the past 32 years and their causes, from climate change to human actions.

doi: 10.1038/nature20584

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Genome-wide changes in lncRNA, splicing, and regional gene expression patterns in autism p.423

Gene expression analysis in brain tissue from individuals with and without autism spectrum disorder (ASD) suggests that the transcription factor SOX5 contributes to an ASD-associated reduction in transcriptional differences between brain areas and indicates that common transcriptomic changes occur in different forms of ASD.

doi: 10.1038/nature20612

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Epigenetic stress responses induce muscle stem-cell ageing by Hoxa9 developmental signals p.428

Changes in active chromatin marks in old activated satellite cells lead to Hoxa9 activation, which induces the expression of developmental pathway genes with a known inhibitory effect on satellite cell function and muscle regeneration in aged mice.

doi: 10.1038/nature20603

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A 17-gene stemness score for rapid determination of risk in acute leukaemia p.433

A rapid gene signature test (LSC17) that captures stem cell expression programs in acute myeloid leukaemia patients at diagnosis is associated with therapy response and survival, facilitating initial treatment stratification.

doi: 10.1038/nature20598

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Zika virus infection damages the testes in mice p.438

Infection of male mice with Zika virus caused testicular and epididymal damage, reduction in sex hormone levels, destruction of germ and somatic cells in the testis, loss of mature sperm and reduction in fertility.

doi: 10.1038/nature20556

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Neutralizing human antibodies prevent Zika virus replication and fetal disease in mice p.443

Monoclonal Zika-virus-neutralizing human antibodies can protect against maternal–fetal transmission, infection and disease.

doi: 10.1038/nature20564

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Receptor usage dictates HIV-1 restriction by human TRIM5α in dendritic cell subsets p.448

The most prevalent route of HIV-1 infection is across mucosal tissues after sexual contact. Langerhans cells (LCs) belong to the subset of dendritic cells (DCs) that line the mucosal epithelia of vagina and foreskin and have the ability to sense and induce immunity to invading pathogens. Anatomical and functional characteristics make LCs one of the primary targets of HIV-1 infection. Notably, LCs form a protective barrier against HIV-1 infection and transmission. LCs restrict HIV-1 infection through the capture of HIV-1 by the C-type lectin receptor Langerin and subsequent internalization into Birbeck granules. However, the underlying molecular mechanism of HIV-1 restriction in LCs remains unknown. Here we show that human E3-ubiquitin ligase tri-partite-containing motif 5α (TRIM5α) potently restricts HIV-1 infection of LCs but not of subepithelial DC-SIGN+ DCs. HIV-1 restriction by TRIM5α was thus far considered to be reserved to non-human primate TRIM5α orthologues, but our data strongly suggest that human TRIM5α is a cell-specific restriction factor dependent on C-type lectin receptor function. Our findings highlight the importance of HIV-1 binding to Langerin for the routeing of HIV-1 into the human TRIM5α-mediated restriction pathway. TRIM5α mediates the assembly of an autophagy-activating scaffold to Langerin, which targets HIV-1 for autophagic degradation and prevents infection of LCs. By contrast, HIV-1 binding to DC-SIGN+ DCs leads to disassociation of TRIM5α from DC-SIGN, which abrogates TRIM5α restriction. Thus, our data strongly suggest that restriction by human TRIM5α is controlled by C-type-lectin-receptor-dependent uptake of HIV-1, dictating protection or infection of human DC subsets. Therapeutic interventions that incorporate C-type lectin receptors and autophagy-targeting strategies could thus provide cell-mediated resistance to HIV-1 in humans.

doi: 10.1038/nature20567

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Structure of photosystem II and substrate binding at room temperature p.453

The structures of three intermediate states of photosystem II, which is crucial for photosynthesis, have been solved at room temperature, shedding new light on this process.

doi: 10.1038/nature20161

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Structure of CC chemokine receptor 2 with orthosteric and allosteric antagonists p.458

The crystal structure of CCR2 chemokine receptor in a complex with two different antagonists—one orthosteric the other allosteric—which functionally cooperate to inhibit CCR2.

doi: 10.1038/nature20605

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Intracellular allosteric antagonism of the CCR9 receptor p.462

The crystal structure of the CCR9 chemokine receptor in complex with vercirnon at 2.8 Å resolution.

doi: 10.1038/nature20606

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Structure and regulation of the chromatin remodeller ISWI p.466

The crystal structures of ISWI, the catalytic subunit of several chromatin remodelling complexes, and its complex with a histone H4 peptide are reported.

doi: 10.1038/nature20590

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