Hillary Clinton will make a fine US president p.289

doi: 10.1038/538289a

One sharp edge does not a tool make p.290

doi: 10.1038/538290a

Women need to be seen and heard at conferences p.290

doi: 10.1038/538290b

Arecibo Observatory hit with discrimination lawsuit p.297

doi: 10.1038/nature.2016.20778

The scientists who support Donald Trump p.298

doi: 10.1038/538298a

How Republicans reshaped the House science committee p.300

doi: 10.1038/538300a

Mouse eggs made from skin cells in a dish p.301

doi: 10.1038/nature.2016.20817

Science group seeks to guide Silicon Valley philanthropists p.302

doi: 10.1038/nature.2016.20802

Effort to wrangle geoscience data faces uncertain future p.303

doi: 10.1038/538303a

The polling crisis: How to tell what people really think p.304

doi: 10.1038/538304a

The power of prediction markets p.308

doi: 10.1038/538308a

A matched set of frog sequences p.320

doi: 10.1038/538320a

Unexpected X-ray flares p.321

doi: 10.1038/538321a

A shocking protein complex p.322

doi: 10.1038/nature19476

Chemical diversity targets malaria p.323

doi: 10.1038/nature19481

Speedy electrons exposed in a flash p.325

doi: 10.1038/538325a

The organelle replication connection p.326

doi: 10.1038/538326b

Accurate de novo design of hyperstable constrained peptides p.329

doi: 10.1038/nature19791

Genome evolution in the allotetraploid frog Xenopus laevis OPEN p.336

doi: 10.1038/nature19840

Diversity-oriented synthesis yields novel multistage antimalarial inhibitors p.344

doi: 10.1038/nature19804

Frizzled proteins are colonic epithelial receptors for C. difficile toxin B p.350

doi: 10.1038/nature19799

Ultraluminous X-ray bursts in two ultracompact companions to nearby elliptical galaxies p.356

doi: 10.1038/nature19822

Multi-petahertz electronic metrology p.359

doi: 10.1038/nature19821

Real-space investigation of energy transfer in heterogeneous molecular dimers p.364

doi: 10.1038/nature19765

Asthenosphere rheology inferred from observations of the 2012 Indian Ocean earthquake p.368

doi: 10.1038/nature19787

Upper-mantle water stratification inferred from observations of the 2012 Indian Ocean earthquake p.373

doi: 10.1038/nature19783

A renewed model of pancreatic cancer evolution based on genomic rearrangement patterns p.378

doi: 10.1038/nature19823

Cortico-fugal output from visual cortex promotes plasticity of innate motor behaviour p.383

The mammalian visual cortex massively innervates the brainstem, a phylogenetically older structure, via cortico-fugal axonal projections. Many cortico-fugal projections target brainstem nuclei that mediate innate motor behaviours, but the function of these projections remains poorly understood. A prime example of such behaviours is the optokinetic reflex (OKR), an innate eye movement mediated by the brainstem accessory optic system, that stabilizes images on the retina as the animal moves through the environment and is thus crucial for vision. The OKR is plastic, allowing the amplitude of this reflex to be adaptively adjusted relative to other oculomotor reflexes and thereby ensuring image stability throughout life. Although the plasticity of the OKR is thought to involve subcortical structures such as the cerebellum and vestibular nuclei, cortical lesions have suggested that the visual cortex might also be involved. Here we show that projections from the mouse visual cortex to the accessory optic system promote the adaptive plasticity of the OKR. OKR potentiation, a compensatory plastic increase in the amplitude of the OKR in response to vestibular impairment, is diminished by silencing visual cortex. Furthermore, targeted ablation of a sparse population of cortico-fugal neurons that specifically project to the accessory optic system severely impairs OKR potentiation. Finally, OKR potentiation results from an enhanced drive exerted by the visual cortex onto the accessory optic system. Thus, cortico-fugal projections to the brainstem enable the visual cortex, an area that has been principally studied for its sensory processing function, to plastically adapt the execution of innate motor behaviours.

doi: 10.1038/nature19818

Allogeneic transplantation of iPS cell-derived cardiomyocytes regenerates primate hearts p.388

doi: 10.1038/nature19815

Fetal liver endothelium regulates the seeding of tissue-resident macrophages p.392

doi: 10.1038/nature19814

The epichaperome is an integrated chaperome network that facilitates tumour survival p.397

doi: 10.1038/nature19807

Molecular basis of Lys11-polyubiquitin specificity in the deubiquitinase Cezanne p.402

doi: 10.1038/nature19836

Atomic structure of the entire mammalian mitochondrial complex I p.406

doi: 10.1038/nature19794

X-ray structure of the human α4β2 nicotinic receptor p.411

Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors are ligand-gated ion channels that mediate fast chemical neurotransmission at the neuromuscular junction and have diverse signalling roles in the central nervous system. The nicotinic receptor has been a model system for cell-surface receptors, and specifically for ligand-gated ion channels, for well over a century. In addition to the receptors’ prominent roles in the development of the fields of pharmacology and neurobiology, nicotinic receptors are important therapeutic targets for neuromuscular disease, addiction, epilepsy and for neuromuscular blocking agents used during surgery. The overall architecture of the receptor was described in landmark studies of the nicotinic receptor isolated from the electric organ of Torpedo marmorata. Structures of a soluble ligand-binding domain have provided atomic-scale insights into receptor–ligand interactions, while high-resolution structures of other members of the pentameric receptor superfamily provide touchstones for an emerging allosteric gating mechanism. All available high-resolution structures are of homopentameric receptors. However, the vast majority of pentameric receptors (called Cys-loop receptors in eukaryotes) present physiologically are heteromeric. Here we present the X-ray crystallographic structure of the human α4β2 nicotinic receptor, the most abundant nicotinic subtype in the brain. This structure provides insights into the architectural principles governing ligand recognition, heteromer assembly, ion permeation and desensitization in this prototypical receptor class.

doi: 10.1038/nature19785