The past, present and future of the PhD thesis p.7
Writing a PhD thesis is a personal and professional milestone for many researchers. But the process needs to change with the times.doi: 10.1038/535007a
Volume 535 Issue 7610
리서치 하이라이트
표지 기사： 지구 지질판의 섭입대 조절
포유류 망막 내 종 특이적인 방향성 선택 신호전달 경로 진화
가스더민 계열 단백질의 세공 형성 활성 및 구조 자체 억제 기능
페르세우스 은하단 핵 내에 존재하는 비활성 성간 매질
초저온 2원자 스트론튬 분자의 광분해를 통한 양자 상태 조절
제올라이트 내부에서 3D그래핀 유사 탄소의 미세 세공 합성 및 란타넘 촉매 합성
열대 우림에 대한 인류의 영향에 의한 생물 다양성 소실 가속화
수용체 티로신 인산화효소를 통한 SHP2 인산화효소의 암 세포 억제 메커니즘
토레미펜에 의한 에볼라 바이러스 당화 단백질의 불안정화
면역 반응을 억제하기 위한 바이러스 핵심 단백질의 결합
컨텐츠
Editorials
FDA should stand firm on stem-cell treatments p.7
US regulators must regain the upper hand in the approval system.doi: 10.1038/535007b
Use Zika to renew focus on birth-defect research p.8
The high-profile of the virus can kick-start work on long-standing problems.doi: 10.1038/535008a
News
Obama’s top scientist talks shrinking budgets, Donald Trump, and his biggest regret p.15
John Holdren tells Nature about the highs and lows of nearly eight years in the White House.doi: 10.1038/535015a
Zika raises profile of more common birth-defect virus p.17
Cytomegalovirus is a much greater global problem than Zika.doi: 10.1038/535017a
Science academies blast US government’s planned research-ethics reforms p.18
Panel recommends scrapping proposed changes to 'Common Rule' on human-subjects research.doi: 10.1038/nature.2016.20191
Dry Amazon could see record fire season p.18
Forecasters warn that high ocean temperatures presage intense blazes in rainforest.doi: 10.1038/nature.2016.20190
CubeSats set for deep space — if they can hitch a ride p.19
Shoebox-sized craft face a wait to be propelled beyond Earth’s orbit.doi: 10.1038/535019a
News Features
Back to the thesis p.22
Late nights, typos, self-doubt and despair. Three leading scientists dust off their theses, and reflect on what the PhD was like for them.doi: 10.1038/535022a
What’s the point of the PhD thesis? p.26
Doctoral courses are slowly being modernized. Now the thesis and viva need to catch up.doi: 10.1038/535026a
News & Views
Rare data from a lost satellite p.40
The Hitomi astronomical satellite observed gas motions in the Perseus galaxy cluster shortly before losing contact with Earth. Its findings are invaluable to studies of cluster physics and cosmology. See Letter p.117doi: 10.1038/535040a
In search of the memory molecule p.41
The protein PKM-ζ has been proposed to regulate the maintenance of memory in rodents, but this theory has been questioned. The finding that another isoform of the protein acts as a backup if PKM-ζ is lacking will influence this debate.doi: 10.1038/nature18903
Quantum control of light-induced reactions p.42
An investigation of how ultracold molecules are broken apart by light reveals surprising, previously unobserved quantum effects. The work opens up avenues of research in quantum optics. See Letter p.122doi: 10.1038/535042a
The rainforest's 'do not disturb' signs p.44
A study reveals that human-driven disturbances in previously undisturbed Amazon rainforest can cause biodiversity losses as severe as those of deforestation. Urgent policy interventions are needed to preserve forest quality. See Letter p.144doi: 10.1038/nature18901
Species-specific motion detectors p.45
A range of neuronal mechanisms can enable animals to detect the direction of visual motion. Computational models now indicate that a factor as simple as eye size might explain some of this diversity. See Article p.105doi: 10.1038/nature18454
Articles
Species-specific wiring for direction selectivity in the mammalian retina p.105
Directional selectivity in the detection of moving visual stimuli critically depends on starburst amacrine cells, which have been studied primarily in rabbit retina; a large-scale reconstruction of the mouse retina at a single-synapse level, along with experimental and theoretical analysis, shows that mouse retinal circuitry is adapted to the smaller eye size of mice.doi: 10.1038/nature18609
Pore-forming activity and structural autoinhibition of the gasdermin family p.111
The N-terminal domains of gasdermin proteins cause pyroptotic cell death by oligomerizing to form membrane pores.doi: 10.1038/nature18590
Letters
The quiescent intracluster medium in the core of the Perseus cluster p.117
X-ray observations of the core of the Perseus cluster reveal a remarkably quiescent atmosphere in which the gas has a line-of-sight velocity dispersion of about 164 kilometres per second in the region 30–60 kiloparsecs from the central nucleus; turbulent pressure support in the gas is four per cent of the thermodynamic pressure, necessitating only a small correction to the total cluster mass determined from hydrostatic equilibrium.doi: 10.1038/nature18627
Photodissociation of ultracold diatomic strontium molecules with quantum state control p.122
The photodissociation of 88Sr2 molecules is examined at ultracold temperatures with a high degree of control, and a wealth of quantum effects such as barrier tunnelling, matter—wave interference of reaction products and forbidden pathways are observeddoi: 10.1038/nature18314
Single-molecule strong coupling at room temperature in plasmonic nanocavities p.127
Placing a light emitter in an ultra-small optical cavity results in coupling between matter and light, generating new forms of emission that can be exploited in practical or fundamental applications; here, a system is described in which strong light–matter coupling occurs at room temperature and in ambient conditions by aligning single dye molecules in the optical cavities between gold nanoparticles and surfaces.doi: 10.1038/nature17974
Lanthanum-catalysed synthesis of microporous 3D graphene-like carbons in a zeolite template p.131
A long-sought three-dimensional graphene-like carbon structure that resembles periodically networked carbon nanotubes is now readily available through lanthanum-catalysed carbon synthesis using a zeolite template.doi: 10.1038/nature18284
Design of a hyperstable 60-subunit protein icosahedron p.136
The computational design of an extremely stable icosahedral self-assembling protein nanocage is presented; the icosahedron should be useful for applications ranging from calibrating fluorescence microscopy to drug delivery.doi: 10.1038/nature18010
Subduction controls the distribution and fragmentation of Earth’s tectonic plates p.140
Computer models of mantle convection with plate-like behaviour are used to demonstrate that the size–frequency distribution of tectonic plates on Earth is controlled by subduction geometry—the spacing between subducting slabs controls the layout of large plates, and the stresses caused by the bending of trenches break plates into smaller fragments.doi: 10.1038/nature17992
Anthropogenic disturbance in tropical forests can double biodiversity loss from deforestation p.144
Evaluation of the primary forests in the Brazilian state of Pará shows that anthropogenic disturbance can more than double the loss of biodiversity expected from deforestation.doi: 10.1038/nature18326
Allosteric inhibition of SHP2 phosphatase inhibits cancers driven by receptor tyrosine kinases p.148
SHP099, a selective inhibitor of signalling meditator SHP2 with drug-like properties, has an allosteric mechanism of action whereby it stabilizes SHP2 in an auto-inhibited conformation, and suppresses RAS–ERK signalling and proliferation in receptor-tyrosine-kinase-driven cancer cell lines and mouse tumour xenograft models.doi: 10.1038/nature18621
Inflammasome-activated gasdermin D causes pyroptosis by forming membrane pores p.153
Caspase-mediated cleavage of gasdermin D, previously shown to mediate pyroptosis, acts by inducing oligomerization and pore formation in cell membranes.doi: 10.1038/nature18629
Genetic dissection of Flaviviridae host factors through genome-scale CRISPR screens p.159
A CRISPR screening approach shows that endoplasmic-reticulum (ER)-associated protein complexes, including the oligosaccharyltransferase (OST) protein complex, are important for infection by dengue virus and other related mosquito-borne flaviviruses, whereas hepatitis C virus is dependent on distinct entry factors, RNA binding proteins and FAD biosynthesis.doi: 10.1038/nature18631
A CRISPR screen defines a signal peptide processing pathway required by flaviviruses p.164
The endoplasmic-reticulum-associated signal peptidase complex is required for infection by numerous flaviviruses, including West Nile, Dengue and Zika viruses, but is not required for infection by other types of virus or for host protein synthesis.doi: 10.1038/nature18625
Toremifene interacts with and destabilizes the Ebola virus glycoprotein p.169
High-resolution structures of the unliganded Ebola virus glycoprotein (GP) and of GP bound to the drugs toremifene and ibuprofen are presented, providing insights into how the drugs inhibit viral fusion with the endosomal membrane.doi: 10.1038/nature18615
A core viral protein binds host nucleosomes to sequester immune danger signals p.173
Here, a small core protein of human adenoviruses is shown to associate with histones, sequestering proteins on host chromatin and preventing inflammatory proteins from being released and triggering inflammation.doi: 10.1038/nature18317
The nature of mutations induced by replication–transcription collisions p.178
When transcription and replication machineries collide on DNA, they can cause mutations to occur in the area near the collision; these mutations are now shown to include two types—duplications/deletions within the transcription unit and base substitutions in the cis-regulatory element of gene expression.doi: 10.1038/nature18316
Allosteric coupling from G protein to the agonist-binding pocket in GPCRs p.182
Here, pharmacological and biochemical evidence is provided that shows that G-protein coupling to the β2-adrenergic receptor stabilizes a ‘closed’ conformation of the G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) and that that the effects of the G protein on the ligand-binding site of the GPCR are observed even in the absence of a bound agonist.doi: 10.1038/nature18324
