2016년4월21일

전호 다음 호

리서치 하이라이트

컨텐츠

Editorials
News
News Features
News & Views
Articles
Letters

Editorials

Monkeying around p.281

China, with its freedom from the ethical pressures experienced by researchers elsewhere, is poised to become the go-to country for work on non-human primates.

doi: 10.1038/532281a

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Expect knowledge p.282

We are gratified when a politician shows that they know about science, but they all should.

doi: 10.1038/532282b

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Red-tape tangle p.282

Attempts by the European Union to stimulate innovation are stifled by bureaucracy.

doi: 10.1038/532282a

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News

Gene-editing research in human embryos gains momentum p.289

Experiments are now approved in Sweden, China and the United Kingdom.

doi: 10.1038/532289a

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North Korea lets scientists peer inside dangerous volcano p.290

Seismic images from an unprecedented international collaboration hint at future eruption hazards.

doi: 10.1038/nature.2016.19751

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Multibillion-euro innovation hub slammed by auditors p.291

Damning report blames failure to deliver on goals on management problems and funding issues.

doi: 10.1038/nature.2016.19753

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Synthetic biology tackles global antivenom shortage p.292

Lab-made antibodies could produce high-volume, high-quality snakebite treatments.

doi: 10.1038/nature.2016.19755

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Gene-edited CRISPR mushroom escapes US regulation p.293

A fungus engineered with the CRISPR–Cas9 technique can be cultivated and sold without further oversight.

doi: 10.1038/nature.2016.19754

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Dirty room-mates make lab mice more useful p.294

Housing lab mice with pet-shop mice gives them more human-like immune systems.

doi: 10.1038/532294a

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News Features

Cold truths at the top of the world p.296

As it pursues independence, Greenland seeks to develop its economy without ruining one of Earth's last pristine places.

doi: 10.1038/532296a

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Monkey kingdom p.300

China is positioning itself as a world leader in primate research.

doi: 10.1038/532300a

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News & Views

Three studies investigate the bacteria in the guts of malnourished children and find that, when this microbiota is transferred into mice, supplements of certain microbes or sugars from human breast milk can restore normal growth.

doi: 10.1038/nature17887

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Misconceptions of global catastrophe p.317

American attitudes to changing weather, and therefore to climate change, have been analysed on the basis of US migration patterns since the 1970s. The findings have implications for the success of global climate policies. See Letter p.357

doi: 10.1038/532317a

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An elusive DNA base in mammals p.319

The discovery of a modified version of the base adenine, known as N6-methyladenine, in mouse DNA puts paid to the theory that cytosine derivatives are the only modified bases in mammals. See Article p.329

doi: 10.1038/nature17315

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Antidepressants at work p.320

Structures of the serotonin transporter protein SERT in complex with two different antidepressants shed light on how these drugs act, and point to possible targets for future drug development. See Article p.334

doi: 10.1038/nature17883

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Organelle stress triggers inflammation p.321

The intracellular NOD1 and NOD2 receptors have been found to activate innate inflammation when a condition known as endoplasmic reticulum stress is induced by bacterial infection. See Letter p.394

doi: 10.1038/nature17882

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Articles

Distinct bone marrow blood vessels differentially regulate haematopoiesis p.323

Bone marrow endothelial cells have dual roles in the regulation of haematopoietic stem cell maintenance and in the trafficking of blood cells between the bone marrow and the blood circulatory system; this study shows that these different functions are regulated by distinct types of endothelial blood vessels with different permeability properties, affecting the metabolic state of their neighbouring stem cells.

doi: 10.1038/nature17624

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DNA methylation on N⁶-adenine in mammalian embryonic stem cells p.329

The prevalence of N⁶-adenine DNA methylation in mammals was previously unknown; this study reveals that N⁶-methyladenine can be found in mouse embryonic stem cells, especially at subfamilies of young (<1.5 million years old) LINE-1 transposons.

doi: 10.1038/nature17640

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X-ray structures and mechanism of the human serotonin transporter p.334

X-ray crystal structures of the human serotonin transporter (SERT) bound to the antidepressants (S)-citalopram or paroxetine show that the antidepressants lock the protein in an outward-open conformation, and directly block serotonin from entering its binding site; the structures define the mechanism of antidepressant action in SERT and pave the way for future drug design.

doi: 10.1038/nature17629

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Letters

A 17-billion-solar-mass black hole in a group galaxy with a diffuse core p.340

The galaxy NGC 1600 is found to contain an enormous black hole of 17 billion solar masses—the first black hole of such a size to be found in an environment outside the richest clusters of galaxies.

doi: 10.1038/nature17197

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Detection of a Cooper-pair density wave in Bi₂Sr₂CaCu₂O_8+x p.343

The quantum condensate of Cooper pairs forming a superconductor was originally conceived as being translationally invariant. In theory, however, pairs can exist with finite momentum Q, thus generating a state with a spatially modulated Cooper-pair density. Such a state has been created in ultracold 6Li gas but never observed directly in any superconductor. It is now widely hypothesized that the pseudogap phase of the copper oxide superconductors contains such a ‘pair density wave’ state. Here we report the use of nanometre-resolution scanned Josephson tunnelling microscopy to image Cooper pair tunnelling from a d-wave superconducting microscope tip to the condensate of the superconductor Bi₂Sr₂CaCu₂O_8+x. We demonstrate condensate visualization capabilities directly by using the Cooper-pair density variations surrounding zinc impurity atoms and at the Bi₂Sr₂CaCu₂O_8+x crystal supermodulation. Then, by using Fourier analysis of scanned Josephson tunnelling images, we discover the direct signature of a Cooper-pair density modulation at wavevectors Q_P ≈ (0.25, 0)2π/a₀ and (0, 0.25)2π/a₀ in Bi₂Sr₂CaCu₂O_8+x. The amplitude of these modulations is about five per cent of the background condensate density and their form factor exhibits primarily s or s′ symmetry. This phenomenology is consistent with Ginzburg–Landau theory when a charge density wave with d-symmetry form factor and wavevector Q_C = Q_P coexists with a d-symmetry superconductor; it is also predicted by several contemporary microscopic theories for the pseudogap phase.

doi: 10.1038/nature17411

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A pressure-amplifying framework material with negative gas adsorption transitions p.348

For adsorption processes, gas uptake usually increases with increasing pressure; however, here the phenomenon of negative gas adsorption is demonstrated in a metal–organic framework, which undergoes a sudden hysteretic structural deformation and pore contraction, releasing guest molecules.

doi: 10.1038/nature17430

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Copper-catalysed enantioselective stereodivergent synthesis of amino alcohols p.353

Here, a method is described by which to generate all possible stereoisomers of certain amino alcohols—a protocol that should see use in drug discovery and development, where it is important to determine the differing effects of stereoisomeric drug candidates.

doi: 10.1038/nature17191

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Recent improvement and projected worsening of weather in the United States p.357

Population-weighted analysis of US weather conditions shows that the nation’s weather has generally become more pleasant since 1974, possibly explaining the lack of broad public support for action on climate change; projections of future US weather indicate that conditions will probably worsen.

doi: 10.1038/nature17441

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The Parkfield tremors reveal slow and fast ruptures on the same asperity p.361

A tremor source on the San Andreas Fault produced an unusual sequence of low-frequency earthquakes until it was disrupted by the 2004 Parkfield earthquake; the peculiar recurrence pattern has now been modelled, showing that such slip behaviour occurs when the tremor asperity size is close to the critical nucleation size of earthquakes.

doi: 10.1038/nature17190

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Revised stratigraphy and chronology for Homo floresiensis at Liang Bua in Indonesia p.366

New excavations in Liang Bua, where the remains of the ‘Hobbit’ (Homo floresiensis) were discovered, show that this diminutive human species used this cave between 190,000 and 50,000 years ago, and not until as recently as 12,000 years ago as previously interpreted; modern humans have been present in Australia since around 50,000 years ago, so whether Homo floresiensis survived long enough to witness the arrival of modern humans is still an open question.

doi: 10.1038/nature17179

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Anatomy and function of an excitatory network in the visual cortex p.370

Two-photon calcium imaging and electron microscopy were used to explore the relationship between structure and function in mouse primary visual cortex, showing that layer 2/3 neurons are connected in subnetworks, that pyramidal neurons with similar orientation selectivity preferentially form synapses with each other, and that neurons with similar orientation tuning form larger synapses; this study exemplifies functional connectomics as a powerful method for studying the organizational logic of cortical networks.

doi: 10.1038/nature17192

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Daily magnesium fluxes regulate cellular timekeeping and energy balance p.375

Circadian rhythms in the intracellular concentration of magnesium ions act as a cell-autonomous timekeeping component to determine key clock properties and tune cellular metabolism both in a human cell line and in a unicellular alga.

doi: 10.1038/nature17407

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Age-dependent modulation of vascular niches for haematopoietic stem cells p.380

Notch signalling in endothelial cells of the bone induces change in the capillaries and mesenchymal stem cells of the environment to support haematopoietic stem cell amplification.

doi: 10.1038/nature17638

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The diversity-generating benefits of a prokaryotic adaptive immune system p.385

Population-level spacer diversity is a key fitness determinant of CRISPR-Cas adaptive immune systems because it limits the emergence of escape virus.

doi: 10.1038/nature17436

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Metabolic maintenance of cell asymmetry following division in activated T lymphocytes p.389

The asymmetric distribution of mTORC1 and c-Myc in the first division of daughter cells of activated CD8 T cells affects the proliferation, metabolism and differentiation potential of their progeny.

doi: 10.1038/nature17442

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NOD1 and NOD2 signalling links ER stress with inflammation p.394

A novel link between the unfolded protein response and NOD1/2 innate immune signalling, showing that NOD1/2 are required for ER-stress-induced IL-6 production in response to infection with Brucella abortus.

doi: 10.1038/nature17631

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USP14 deubiquitinates proteasome-bound substrates that are ubiquitinated at multiple sites p.398

The proteasome-associated enzyme USP14 regulates protein degradation by removing ubiquitin from proteins; here it is shown that USP14 removes ubiquitin chains from in vitro generated cyclin B conjugates en bloc and within milliseconds, before the proteasome has a chance to initiate degradation, and proceeds until a single chain remains.

doi: 10.1038/nature17433

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