Challenging times p.125
A European initiative to ban animal research has galvanized resistance.doi: 10.1038/521125b
Volume 521 Issue 7551
리서치 하이라이트
표지 기사： 인도의 과학
진핵세포의 특성을 가진 고세균, Lokiarchaeota
배고픔과 갈증 간의 상호 교환 신호를 주고 받는 신경 세포
은하계의 별 생성 과정을 차단하는 핵심 메커니즘
침식에 의해서 조절되는 토양 생물권으로부터 유래한 글로벌 탄소 이송
다양한 오믹스 툴을 이용한 동토대, 활성 해빙층, 그리고 열카르스트 습지의 토양 미생물총 분석
침입한 병원균의 단백질 분해효소에 의해서 활성화되는 MAPK 신호전달 경로에 의한 식물 면역계
인터루킨 23을 타깃으로 하는 항체를 이용한 건선 치료제 임상 1상 결과
HIV-1 결합 부위 선택 분석을 위한 핵 구조
HDAC3를 통한 SHARP의 전사 억제 작용에 관여하는 Xist IncRNA
컨텐츠
Editorials
A nation with ambition p.125
India is making great strides in improving its science, but it needs to look carefully at its approach and work with the rest of the world if it is to realize its full potential.doi: 10.1038/521125a
Polls apart p.126
The UK voter opinion polls show that an anomalous answer can be the correct one.doi: 10.1038/521126a
News
Mappers rush to pinpoint landslide risk in Nepal p.133
Geologists say hazard posed by earthquake-loosened earth could linger for years.doi: 10.1038/521133a
What the UK election results mean for science p.134
A surprise Conservative majority and the rise of the Scottish National Party have implications for research policy.doi: 10.1038/nature.2015.17506
Rogue antimatter found in thunderclouds p.135
Aeroplane detects signature spike in photons that does not fit any known source of antiparticles.doi: 10.1038/521135a
Microbiomes raise privacy concerns p.136
DNA from microbes living on the human body can be used to identify individuals.doi: 10.1038/521136a
Ebola failures prompt WHO rethink p.137
Health agency’s annual meeting will address shortcomings in outbreak response highlighted by West Africa crisis.doi: 10.1038/521137a
India eases stance on GM crop trials p.138
States begin to permit field tests of transgenic plants.doi: 10.1038/521138a
News Features
Science in India p.141
A special issue explores the enormous potential and major challenges for research in south Asia's superpower.doi: 10.1038/521141a
India by the numbers p.142
Highs and lows in the country’s research landscape.doi: 10.1038/521142a
The fight to become a science superpower p.144
Despite great strides in some areas of research and development, the nation still has a long way to go.doi: 10.1038/521144a
The anti-bureaucrat p.148
K. VijayRaghavan is determined to cut through red tape and build up biological science in India.doi: 10.1038/521148a
News & Views
The slow death of red galaxies p.164
For most galaxies, the shutdown of star formation was a slow process that took 4 billion years. An analysis of some 27,000 galaxies suggests that 'strangulation' by their environment was the most likely cause. See Letter p.192doi: 10.1038/521164a
Internal compass puts flies in their place p.165
An analysis reveals that fruit-fly neurons orient flies relative to cues in the insects' environment, providing evidence that the fly's brain contains a key component for drawing a cognitive map of the insect's surroundings. See Article p.186doi: 10.1038/521165a
Quantum control of free electrons p.166
doi: 10.1038/521166a
Fungus against the wall p.168
A compound derived from plant cell-wall material that is a waste product of biofuel manufacture has been found to have fungicidal properties: it interacts with a carbohydrate called β1,3 glucan, thus compromising the integrity of fungal cells.doi: 10.1038/521168a
Steps on the road to eukaryotes p.169
A new archaeal phylum represents the closest known relatives of eukaryotes, the group encompassing all organisms that have nucleated cells. The discovery holds promise for a better understanding of eukaryotic origins.doi: 10.1038/nature14522
Rap and chirp about X inactivation p.170
Two new techniques identify proteins that directly interact with a non-protein-coding RNA called Xist to mediate inactivation of one X chromosome in female mammals. See Letter p.232doi: 10.1038/521170a
Articles
Complex archaea that bridge the gap between prokaryotes and eukaryotes p.173
This study identifies a clade of archaea that is the immediate sister group of eukaryotes in phylogenetic analyses, and that also has a repertoire of proteins otherwise characteristic of eukaryotes—proteins that would have provided the first eukaryotes with a ‘starter kit’ for the genomic and cellular complexity characteristic of the eukaryotic cell.doi: 10.1038/nature14447
Neurons for hunger and thirst transmit a negative-valence teaching signal p.180
Cell-type-specific electrical activity manipulations and deep-brain imaging in mice of neuronal populations associated with homeostasis of nutrient or fluid intake reveals that learning is conditioned by a negative-valence signal from the hunger-mediating AGRP neurons and also from the thirst-mediating neurons in the subfornical organ.doi: 10.1038/nature14416
Neural dynamics for landmark orientation and angular path integration p.186
Calcium imaging of the brain of tethered flies walking in a virtual reality arena showed that a population of neurons with dendrites that tile the ‘ellipsoid body’ use information from visual landmarks and the fly's own rotation to compute heading; this suggests insects possess neurons with similarities to ‘head direction cells’ known to contribute to spatial navigation in mammalian brains.doi: 10.1038/nature14446
Letters
Strangulation as the primary mechanism for shutting down star formation in galaxies p.192
An analysis of the stellar metallicity of local galaxies reveals that strangulation (halting of cold gas supply) rather than sudden removal of gas (through outflows or stripping) is the primary mechanism responsible for the quenching of star formation.doi: 10.1038/nature14439
Electron pairing without superconductivity p.196
Evidence is presented for electron pairing in strontium titanate far above the superconducting transition temperature; such pairs are thought to be the long-sought pre-formed pairs that condense at lower temperatures to give rise to the unconventional superconducting state in this system.doi: 10.1038/nature14398
Quantum coherent optical phase modulation in an ultrafast transmission electron microscope p.200
The coherent manipulation of electron quantum states using light, commonly employed in atoms and molecules, is extended to the case of free electron beams using ultrafast transmission electron microscopy; this approach may enable a range of applications in ultrafast electron imaging and spectroscopy down to attosecond precision.doi: 10.1038/nature14463
Global carbon export from the terrestrial biosphere controlled by erosion p.204
Particulate organic carbon export from the terrestrial biosphere is primarily controlled by physical erosion, and tectonic and climatic forcing of physical erosion may favour biospheric particulate organic carbon sequestration over silicate weathering as a long-term atmospheric carbon dioxide sink.doi: 10.1038/nature14400
Multi-omics of permafrost, active layer and thermokarst bog soil microbiomes p.208
A multi-omics approach, integrating metagenomics, metatranscriptomics and metaproteomics, determines the phylogenetic composition of the microbial community and assesses its functional potential and activity along a thaw transition from intact permafrost to thermokast bog.doi: 10.1038/nature14238
Pathogen-secreted proteases activate a novel plant immune pathway p.213
In Arabidopsis thaliana, pathogen-secreted proteases trigger a previously unknown defence response involving heterotrimeric G-protein complexes upstream of a mitogen-activated protein kinase cascade.doi: 10.1038/nature14243
YAP is essential for tissue tension to ensure vertebrate 3D body shape p.217
D’Arcy Thompson predicted a century ago that animal body shape is conditioned by gravity, but there has been no animal model to study how cellular forces are coordinated to generate body shapes that withstand gravity; the hirame medaka fish mutant, with pronounced body flattening, reveals how the hirame/YAP gene controls gravity-resisting cellular forces to produce complex 3D organs and body shapes.doi: 10.1038/nature14215
Clinical improvement in psoriasis with specific targeting of interleukin-23 p.222
A proof-of-concept phase I clinical trial demonstrates that targeting interleukin (IL)-23 with an antibody that binds to the p19 subunit leads to clinical improvement of disease in patients with moderate to severe psoriasis.doi: 10.1038/nature14175
Nuclear architecture dictates HIV-1 integration site selection p.227
HIV-1 integration into the host cell genome occurs in the outer shell of the nucleus in close correspondence with the nuclear pore, in which a series of cellular genes are preferentially targeted by the virus.doi: 10.1038/nature14226
The Xist lncRNA interacts directly with SHARP to silence transcription through HDAC3 p.232
The mechanisms by which Xist, a long non-coding RNA, silences one X chromosome in female mammals are unknown; here a mass spectrometry-based approach is developed to identify several proteins that interact directly with Xist, including the transcriptional repressor SHARP that is required for transcriptional silencing through the histone deacetylase HDAC3.doi: 10.1038/nature14443
Horizontal membrane-intrinsic α-helices in the stator a-subunit of an F-type ATP synthase p.237
ATP, the universal energy currency of cells, is produced by F-type ATP synthases, which are ancient, membrane-bound nanomachines. F-type ATP synthases use the energy of a transmembrane electrochemical gradient to generate ATP by rotary catalysis. Protons moving across the membrane drive a rotor ring composed of 8–15 c-subunits
doi: 10.1038/nature14185
Electron cryomicroscopy observation of rotational states in a eukaryotic V-ATPase p.241
Electron cryomicroscopy shows structures of three distinct rotational states of the V-ATPase from Saccharomyces cerevisiae.doi: 10.1038/nature14365
