Seeds of change p.131
The European Union faces a fresh battle over next-generation plant-breeding techniques.doi: 10.1038/520131b
Volume 520 Issue 7546
리서치 하이라이트
표지 기사： 원소기호 103번인 로렌슘의 잠재적인 이온화 가능성 측정
기후 변화와 동토 지역 탄소 피드백 간의 상관관계
분지 특이적 수지상 Ca2+ 스파이크와 기억력 간의 관련성
S. aureus Cas9을 이용한 지놈 수선
혈관 내피 세포에서 dNTP 합성에 필수적인 지방산 탄소
중력장 및 편평도에 의해 결정되는 토성의 자전 주기
지구와 달 간의 구성 성분 유사성에 대한 기원
의사 결정에 관여하는 두정부 및 전전두엽
모계 연령에 따른 선천성 심장 질환 발생 리스크
BRG1 및 EGFR 돌연변이를 가진 폐암에서 Topoll 억제인자와 같이 작용하는 EZH2 억제 인자
컨텐츠
Editorials
All that glitters p.131
A review of the United Kingdom’s progress towards ‘gold’ open-access research is instructive — for funders, publishers and scientists both at home and abroad.doi: 10.1038/520131a
Lunar affairs p.132
A study in Nature adds a dramatic twist to the backstory of a neighbour we thought we knew.doi: 10.1038/520132a
News
Race to stamp out animal plague begins p.139
Killer disease that is scourge of world’s poorest ruminant farmers is ripe for elimination.doi: 10.1038/520139a
Climatologists to physicists: your planet needs you p.140
Climate scientists highlight cloud mysteries in a bid to compete with astronomy and cosmology.doi: 10.1038/520140a
Synthetic biologists seek standards for nascent field p.141
Common language and methods are needed to fulfil biofactory dream.doi: 10.1038/520141a
African hub set up to boost research autonomy p.142
Fledgling alliance will manage international grants and develop science strategy.doi: 10.1038/520142a
News Features
The future of the postdoc p.144
There is a growing number of postdocs and few places in academia for them to go. But change could be on the way.doi: 10.1038/520144a
The hole story p.148
Swiss-cheese-like materials called metal–organic frameworks have long promised to improve gas storage, separation and catalysis. Now they are coming of age.doi: 10.1038/520148a
News & Views
Race for healthy hearts p.160
Transplantation experiments in mice reveal that the increased risk of congenital heart disease in the pups of older mothers is not conferred by ageing eggs, but by the mothers' age, and can be mitigated by exercise. See Letter p.230doi: 10.1038/nature14379
Prebiotic chemistry on the rocks p.161
Organic compounds called nitriles have been detected in material surrounding a young star. The finding hints at a vast reservoir of ice and volatile species that can seed the surfaces of young rocky planets or moons. See Letter p.198doi: 10.1038/520161a
RNA interference hangs by a thread p.162
The Paf1 protein complex in fission yeast has been found to protect protein-coding genes from inhibition by RNA-mediated silencing of transcription, by stimulating the release of nascent transcripts from DNA. See Letter p.248doi: 10.1038/nature14376
Unique wrinkles as identity tags p.164
Spontaneously generated, random wrinkles of coatings on microscale particles have been found to be analogous to fingerprints — unique patterns with a wavy topography that can serve as unclonable tags for anti-counterfeiting purposes.doi: 10.1038/nature14380
Growth in the fat lane p.165
Analysis of endothelial cells, which are involved in blood-vessel formation, unexpectedly reveals that proliferation in this cell type depends on fatty-acid oxidation to support DNA synthesis. See Article p.192doi: 10.1038/nature14375
Lawrencium bridges a knowledge gap p.166
The heavy element lawrencium is available in only tiny quantities. Measurement of one of its atomic properties was thus an experimental challenge, but indispensably validates theoretical models of heavy elements. See Letter p.209doi: 10.1038/520166a
Binge drinking and brain stress systems p.168
The discovery that interactions between two stress-associated neuropeptide hormones regulate binge drinking in mice provides insight into the biological mechanisms that underpin the bingeing cycle.doi: 10.1038/520168a
An incredible likeness of being p.169
Earth and the Moon share many puzzling chemical similarities. New analyses show that the last planet-sized body to hit Earth could have been similar enough to Earth to yield a Moon with an Earth-like composition. See Letter p.212doi: 10.1038/520169a
Review
Climate change and the permafrost carbon feedback p.171
A large amount of organic carbon stored in frozen Arctic soils (permafrost) could be released as carbon dioxide and methane in a warming climate, which would accelerate the pace of climate change; this review suggests that release of greenhouse gas emissions will be gradual but prolonged.doi: 10.1038/nature14338
Articles
Branch-specific dendritic Ca2+ spikes cause persistent synaptic plasticity p.180
Ca2+ spikes are generated on different dendritic branches in the primary motor cortex of mice performing different motor learning tasks, causing long-lasting potentiation of postsynaptic dendritic spines; inactivation of a population of interneurons disrupts the spatial separation of Ca2+ spikes and persistent dendritic spine potentiation, suggesting that the generation of Ca2+ spikes on different dendritic branches is crucial for storing information in individual neurons.doi: 10.1038/nature14251
In vivo genome editing using Staphylococcus aureus Cas9 p.186
The physical size of the commonly used Cas9 from Streptococcus pyogenes poses challenges for CRISPR-Cas genome editing systems that use the adeno-associated virus as a delivery vehicle; here, smaller Cas9 orthologues are characterized, and Cas9 from Staphylococcus aureus allowed targeting of the cholesterol regulatory gene Pcsk9 in the mouse liver.doi: 10.1038/nature14299
Fatty acid carbon is essential for dNTP synthesis in endothelial cells p.192
This study identifies a crucial role for fatty acid oxidation (FAO) in endothelial cells during angiogenesis, and reveals that fatty-acid-derived carbons are used for the de novo synthesis of nucleotides, and hence FAO stimulates vessel sprouting by increasing endothelial cell proliferation.doi: 10.1038/nature14362
Letters
The comet-like composition of a protoplanetary disk as revealed by complex cyanides p.198
The detection of complex cyanides in the protoplanetary disk around the young star MWC 480, and the similarity of their abundance ratios to those found in comets, implies that the rich organic chemistry of our solar nebula was not unique.doi: 10.1038/nature14276
Saturn’s fast spin determined from its gravitational field and oblateness p.202
The alignment of Saturn’s magnetic pole with its rotation axis precludes the use of magnetic field measurements to determine its rotation period
doi: 10.1038/nature14278
Four-wave mixing experiments with extreme ultraviolet transient gratings p.205
Four-wave mixing processes are achieved at suboptical wavelengths by using a free-electron laser as a source to generate extreme ultraviolet pulses that produce transient gratings.doi: 10.1038/nature14341
Measurement of the first ionization potential of lawrencium, element 103 p.209
Lawrencium, with atomic number 103, has an isotope with a half-life of 27 seconds; even so, its first ionization potential has now been measured on an atom-at-a-time scale and agrees well with state-of-the-art theoretical calculations that include relativistic effects.doi: 10.1038/nature14342
A primordial origin for the compositional similarity between the Earth and the Moon p.212
The Moon is thought to have formed mainly from a giant impactor striking the Earth but it has seemed odd that the Earth and its impactor (and hence the Moon) had such similar compositions; here simulations of planetary accretion show that although the different planets have distinct compositions, the composition of each giant impactor is indeed often very similar to that of the planet it strikes.doi: 10.1038/nature14333
Levantine cranium from Manot Cave (Israel) foreshadows the first European modern humans p.216
A partial skull from northern Israel dated to be from around 55,000 years ago sheds light on a crucial but little-known period of prehistory: the spread of anatomically modern humans from Africa.doi: 10.1038/nature14134
Distinct relationships of parietal and prefrontal cortices to evidence accumulation p.220
A method to measure the precise relationship between neuronal firing rates and the representation of accumulated evidence is described; results in the parietal and prefrontal cortex of rats, together with transient optogenetic inactivation of the prefrontal cortex, challenge the prevailing view that the prefrontal cortex is part of the neural circuit for accumulating evidence, and suggest that neurons in parietal and prefrontal areas have distinct relationships to evidence accumulation in decision-making.doi: 10.1038/nature14066
Common genetic variants influence human subcortical brain structures p.224
Genome-wide association studies are used to identify common genetic variants that affect the structure of selected subcortical regions of the human brain; their identification provides insight into the causes of variability in brain development and may help to determine mechanisms of neuropsychiatric dysfunction.doi: 10.1038/nature14101
The maternal-age-associated risk of congenital heart disease is modifiable p.230
Increased maternal age is known to increase the risk of congenital heart disease in offspring; here, this link is investigated by transplanting ovaries between young and old mice, revealing that the maternal-age-associated risk is independent of the age of the ovaries but depends on the age of the mother, and that this risk can be mitigated by maternal genetic background or exercise.doi: 10.1038/nature14361
Repeated ER–endosome contacts promote endosome translocation and neurite outgrowth p.234
Repeated contacts between the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and a subset of endosomes called late endosomes (LEs) is shown to promote microtubule-dependent translocation of LEs to the cell periphery and their subsequent fusion with the plasma membrane to induce outgrowth of neuronal protrusions.doi: 10.1038/nature14359
EZH2 inhibition sensitizes BRG1 and EGFR mutant lung tumours to TopoII inhibitors p.239
A subset of lung cancer cells with EGFR or BRG1 mutations shows selective sensitivity to a combination of EZH2 inhibitors with topoisomerase II inhibitors such as the commonly used chemotherapeutic drug etoposide.doi: 10.1038/nature14122
Genomic profiling of DNA methyltransferases reveals a role for DNMT3B in genic methylation p.243
Genome-wide localization and activity analysis of the de novo DNA methyltransferases DNMT3A and DNMT3B in mouse embryonic stem cells identifies overlapping and individual targeting preferences to the genome, including a role for DNMT3B in gene body methylation.doi: 10.1038/nature14176
The Paf1 complex represses small-RNA-mediated epigenetic gene silencing p.248
The fission yeast is shown to have a mechanism to prevent small RNAs from inducing heterochromatin and epigenetic gene silencing; this protective model involves the highly conserved Paf1 complex, which is known to promote transcription and processing of pre-mRNA, and protects protein-coding genes from unwanted silencing by spurious transcripts.doi: 10.1038/nature14337
