2014년12월11일

전호 다음 호

리서치 하이라이트

컨텐츠

Editorials
News
News Features
News & Views
Review
Articles
Letters

Editorials

Ethical overkill p.143

Institutions should take a unified look at protections for research on human subjects.

doi: 10.1038/516143b

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Room for growth p.143

The European Commission’s plans to allow individual countries a veto on the farming of genetically modified crops, although a compromise, should enable the technology to move forward.

doi: 10.1038/516143a

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Protect and serve p.144

Nations must keep expanding conservation efforts to avoid a biodiversity crisis.

doi: 10.1038/516144a

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News

Tsunami alerts fall short p.151

Ten years after the devastating Sumatra earthquake, warnings for the Indian Ocean go out, but often do not reach the people most at risk.

doi: 10.1038/516151a

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Europe plans Moon landing p.153

Space-agency scientists present plan to piggyback on two missions.

doi: 10.1038/516153a

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Ebola experts seek to expand testing p.154

Rapid local diagnosis is essential for curbing spread.

doi: 10.1038/516154a

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T-cell therapy extends cancer survival to years p.156

Firms embrace costly immunotherapy to fight intractable leukaemias and lymphomas.

doi: 10.1038/516156a

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Microsoft billionaire takes on cell biology p.157

New Allen institute will create simulations of cell behaviour.

doi: 10.1038/516157a

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News Features

Life – a status report p.158

Species are disappearing quickly — but researchers are struggling to assess how bad the problem is.

doi: 10.1038/516158a

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The black box of reprogramming p.162

Scientists have been reprogramming adult cells into embryonic ones for decades — but they are only now getting to grips with the mechanics.

doi: 10.1038/516162a

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News & Views

A designer's guide to pluripotency p.172

Pluripotent stem cells, which give rise to almost all cell types, can be engineered from mature cells. A thorough analysis of the process has led to the characterization of a new type of pluripotent cell. See Articles p.192 & p.198

doi: 10.1038/516172a

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Breakthrough for protons p.173

The atomically thin material called graphene is impermeable to atoms as small as helium. The finding that protons can pass through it might enable new kinds of membrane to be developed and aid research into fuel cells. See Letter p.227

doi: 10.1038/nature14074

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A beacon for bacterial tubulin p.175

The protein FtsZ forms a ring structure that constricts to allow bacterial cells to divide. A second protein, MapZ, has now been found to guide FtsZ to the correct mid-cell position in the bacterium Streptococcus pneumoniae. See Letter p.259

doi: 10.1038/nature14071

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Calcium-activated proteins visualized p.176

The first crystal structures of bestrophin and lipid scramblase proteins cast light on how these protein families transport very different substrates across membranes, yet are both activated by calcium ions. See Articles p.207 & p213

doi: 10.1038/nature13944

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The virtues of tiling p.178

A cracked metal film on an elastic substrate has been shown to provide ultrahigh sensitivity in detecting mechanical vibrations. The result draws inspiration from principles of tiling that apply to many biological systems. See Letter p.222

doi: 10.1038/516178a

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When wells run dry p.179

A global analysis reveals growing societal dependence on the use of non-renewable freshwater resources that depletes groundwater reserves and undermines human resilience to water scarcity in a warming world.

doi: 10.1038/516179a

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Review

Catalytic enantioselective synthesis of quaternary carbon stereocentres p.181

Carbon atoms to which four distinct carbon substituents are attached — quaternary carbon stereocentres — are common features of molecules found in nature; in this Review, the authors discuss catalytic enantioselective reactions that have been developed during the past decade for synthesizing organic molecules containing such carbon atoms.

doi: 10.1038/nature14007

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Articles

Divergent reprogramming routes lead to alternative stem-cell states p.192

The forced expression of key transcription factors can induce somatic cells to acquire pluripotency characteristics; here high levels of reprogramming factors are used to induce mouse embryonic fibroblasts to a stable alternative pluripotent state with low intercellular adhesion.

doi: 10.1038/nature14047

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Genome-wide characterization of the routes to pluripotency p.198

This study presents an extensive molecular characterization of the reprograming process by analysis of transcriptomic, epigenomic and proteomic data sets describing the routes to pluripotency; it finds distinct routes towards two stable pluripotent states characterized by distinct epigenetic events.

doi: 10.1038/nature14046

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X-ray structure of a calcium-activated TMEM16 lipid scramblase p.207

The authors describe the structure of a Ca²⁺-activated lipid scramblase which catalyses the passive movement of lipids between the two leaflets of a lipid bilayer; the structure reveals the location of a regulatory calcium-binding site embedded within the membrane and the presence of a hydrophilic membrane-traversing cavity that is exposed to the lipid bilayer, where catalysis is likely to occur.

doi: 10.1038/nature13984

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Structure and insights into the function of a Ca²⁺-activated Cl⁻ channel p.213

The X-ray crystal structure of a eukaryotic Ca²⁺-activated chloride channel, BEST1, and its function in liposomes are described; the structure shows that Ca²⁺ binds to the cytosolic region of this pentameric channel and reveals that the pore is approximately 95 Å long with at least 15 distinct anion-binding sites.

doi: 10.1038/nature13913

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Letters

H₂D⁺ observations give an age of at least one million years for a cloud core forming Sun-like stars p.219

The age of dense interstellar cloud cores, where stars and planets form, is a crucial parameter in star formation and difficult to measure. Some models predict rapid collapse, whereas others predict timescales of more than one million years (ref. 3). One possible approach to determining the age is through chemical changes as cloud contraction occurs, in particular through indirect measurements of the ratio of the two spin isomers (ortho/para) of molecular hydrogen, H₂, which decreases monotonically with age. This has been done for the dense cloud core L183, for which the deuterium fractionation of diazenylium (N₂H+) was used as a chemical clock to infer that the core has contracted rapidly (on a timescale of less than 700,000 years). Among astronomically observable molecules, the spin isomers of the deuterated trihydrogen cation, ortho-H₂D+ and para-H₂D+, have the most direct chemical connections to H₂ (refs 8, 9, 10, 11, 12) and their abundance ratio provides a chemical clock that is sensitive to greater cloud core ages. So far this ratio has not been determined because para-H₂D+ is very difficult to observe. The detection of its rotational ground-state line has only now become possible thanks to accurate measurements of its transition frequency in the laboratory, and recent progress in instrumentation technology. Here we report observations of ortho- and para-H₂D+ emission and absorption, respectively, from the dense cloud core hosting IRAS 16293-2422 A/B, a group of nascent solar-type stars (with ages of less than 100,000 years). Using the ortho/para ratio in conjunction with chemical models, we find that the dense core has been chemically processed for at least one million years. The apparent discrepancy with the earlier N₂H+ work arises because that chemical clock turns off sooner than the H₂D+ clock, but both results imply that star-forming dense cores have ages of about one million years, rather than 100,000 years.

doi: 10.1038/nature13924

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Ultrasensitive mechanical crack-based sensor inspired by the spider sensory system p.222

A mechanical crack-based sensor inspired by the mechanism spiders use to sense minute variations in stress offers ultrahigh sensitivity to pressure and vibration and can easily be mounted on human skin for the purposes of speech recognition and the monitoring of physiological signals.

doi: 10.1038/nature14002

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Proton transport through one-atom-thick crystals p.227

Measurements show that monolayers of graphene and hexagonal boron nitride are unexpectedly highly permeable to thermal protons and that their conductivity rapidly increases with temperature, but that no proton transport is detected for few-layer crystals.

doi: 10.1038/nature14015

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Formation and properties of ice XVI obtained by emptying a type sII clathrate hydrate p.231

Gas hydrates are ice-like solids that have guest species encaged within a crystalline water framework, making the empty hydrate a natural — though long assumed to be inaccessible — point of reference; it is now shown that several days of continuous vacuum pumping removes all guests from neon hydrate, and the physical properties of the empty hydrate have been determined.

doi: 10.1038/nature14014

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Isotopic constraints on marine and terrestrial N₂O emissions during the last deglaciation p.234

doi: 10.1038/nature13971

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Cell differentiation and germ–soma separation in Ediacaran animal embryo-like fossils p.238

Spheroidal microfossils from the Ediacaran Doushantuo phosphorites show clear signs of cell differentiation, programmed cell death, and separation between soma and germline, and seem to represent a hitherto unknown experiment in multicellular life like nothing on Earth today.

doi: 10.1038/nature13766

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An evolutionary arms race between KRAB zinc-finger genes ZNF91/93 and SVA/L1 retrotransposons p.242

The authors show that two primate-specific genes encoding KRAB domain containing zinc finger proteins, ZNF91 and ZNF93, have evolved during the last 25 million years to repress retrotransposon families that emerged during this time period; according to the new data KZNF gene expansion limits the activity of newly emerged retrotransposons, which subsequently mutate to evade repression.

doi: 10.1038/nature13760

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Dietary modulation of the microbiome affects autoinflammatory disease p.246

Pstpip2-mutant mice fed a high-fat diet are protected against inflammatory bone disease and bone erosion; this protection is associated with reductions in intestinal Prevotella levels and pro-IL-1β expression, and is dependent on the deletion of both caspases 1 and 8.

doi: 10.1038/nature13788

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Structural and mechanistic insights into the bacterial amyloid secretion channel CsgG p.250

CsgG and CgsE form an encaging translocon for selective, iterative diffusion of curli subunits across the non-energized bacterial outer membrane.

doi: 10.1038/nature13768

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Loss of signalling via Gα13 in germinal centre B-cell-derived lymphoma p.254

Germinal centre B-cell-like diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (GCB-DLBCL) is a common malignancy, yet the signalling pathways that are deregulated and the factors leading to its systemic dissemination are poorly defined. Work in mice showed that sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor-2 (S1PR2), a Gα12 and Gα13 coupled receptor, promotes growth regulation and local confinement of germinal centre B cells. Recent deep sequencing studies of GCB-DLBCL have revealed mutations in many genes in this cancer, including in GNA13 (encoding Gα13) and S1PR2 (refs 5,6, 7). Here we show, using in vitro and in vivo assays, that GCB-DLBCL-associated mutations occurring in S1PR2 frequently disrupt the receptor’s Akt and migration inhibitory functions. Gα13-deficient mouse germinal centre B cells and human GCB-DLBCL cells were unable to suppress pAkt and migration in response to S1P, and Gα13-deficient mice developed germinal centre B-cell-derived lymphoma. Germinal centre B cells, unlike most lymphocytes, are tightly confined in lymphoid organs and do not recirculate. Remarkably, deficiency in Gα13, but not S1PR2, led to germinal centre B-cell dissemination into lymph and blood. GCB-DLBCL cell lines frequently carried mutations in the Gα13 effector ARHGEF1, and Arhgef1 deficiency also led to germinal centre B-cell dissemination. The incomplete phenocopy of Gα13- and S1PR2 deficiency led us to discover that P2RY8, an orphan receptor that is mutated in GCB-DLBCL and another germinal centre B-cell-derived malignancy, Burkitt’s lymphoma, also represses germinal centre B-cell growth and promotes confinement via Gα13. These findings identify a Gα13-dependent pathway that exerts dual actions in suppressing growth and blocking dissemination of germinal centre B cells that is frequently disrupted in germinal centre B-cell-derived lymphoma.

doi: 10.1038/nature13765

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MapZ marks the division sites and positions FtsZ rings in Streptococcus pneumoniae p.259

A new mechanism is identified for correct placement of the division machinery in Streptococcus pneumoniae that relies on the novel factor MapZ to form ring structures at the cell equator; these structures move apart as the cell elongates, acting as permanent markers of division sites.

doi: 10.1038/nature13966

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Programmable RNA recognition and cleavage by CRISPR/Cas9 p.263

In the presence of a short DNA oligonucleotide containing a protospacer adjacent motif, a guide-RNA-programmed Cas9 is able to specifically bind and/or cleave single-stranded RNA—this system can be used to isolate specific endogenous RNA transcripts from a cell lysate without any tag or modification.

doi: 10.1038/nature13769

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Tyrosine phosphorylation of histone H2A by CK2 regulates transcriptional elongation p.267

A conserved tyrosine residue, Tyr 57, of histone H2A is phosphorylated by an unsuspected tyrosine kinase activity of casein kinase 2, influencing a series of histone marks associated with active transcription and regulating transcription elongation.

doi: 10.1038/nature13736

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Regulation of RNA polymerase II activation by histone acetylation in single living cells p.272

The interplay of histone acetylation and RNA polymerase II activity is investigated using fluorescence microscopy; acetylation of H3 at Lys 27 enhances the recruitment of a transcriptional activator and accelerates the transition of RNA polymerase II from initiation to elongation, thus indicating that histone acetylation has a causal effect on two distinct steps in transcription activation.

doi: 10.1038/nature13714

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