Ebola opportunity p.465
A slowdown in new cases offers a chance for control efforts to get ahead of the epidemic.doi: 10.1038/515465b
Volume 515 Issue 7528
리서치 하이라이트
표지 기사： 전이성 방광암에서 임상적 효능을 나타낸 항 PD-L1 항체인 MPDL3280A의 효능
땅속 생물 다양성과 생태계 기능의 연관성
곤드와나테리움의 모습을 추정할 수 있는 완전한 두개골 화석 발견
초파리 Drosophila에서 몸의 연장에 관여하는 톨 유사 수용체(Toll receptor) 위치의 중요성
NGC 4151에 위치하는 초거대 블랙홀까지의19메가파섹을 새롭게 측정할 수 있게 해준 먼지-시차 거리 측정법
벤 앨런대에서 초상대론적 전자에 대한 침투 불가능한 장벽
직사광선 아래에서 대기 중 공기 온도를 직접적으로 낮춰주는 패시브 복사 냉각
DNA-바코드 단백질의 멀티플랙스 단일-분자 상호작용 프로파일링
암 환자에서 항 PD-L1 항체인 MPDL 3280A의 효능을 예측할 수 있는 바이오마커 발굴
프라이머 결합과정에서 일어나는 tRNA와 레트로바이러스 RNA 리모델링의 구조기반 메커니즘 분석
컨텐츠
Editorials
Agree to agree p.465
The US–China emissions agreement raises hopes for international cooperation on a climate accord. But it does not go far enough.doi: 10.1038/515465a
Moon on a stick p.466
A crowdfunded lunar mission might seem like a long shot — but there is no harm in trying.doi: 10.1038/515466a
News
US–China climate deal raises hopes for Lima talks p.473
But challenges remain for United Nations meeting in run-up to a new 2015 emissions treaty.doi: 10.1038/515473a
Ocean observatory project hits rough water p.474
Problems with data management challenge US effort to monitor seas in real time.doi: 10.1038/515474a
Regulators assess brain-linked devices p.476
Robotic limb advances are attracting serious attention from the FDA.doi: 10.1038/515476a
Clinical-trial rules to improve access to results p.477
US agencies propose expanded reporting of drug-test data.doi: 10.1038/515477a
Confusion over open-data rules p.478
The Public Library of Science’s open-data mandate has prompted scientists to share more data online, but not everyone is complying with the regulations.doi: 10.1038/515478a
Key Galapagos research station in trouble p.479
Local government’s closure of gift shop could doom Charles Darwin Foundation.doi: 10.1038/515479a
News Features
The peer-review scam p.480
When a handful of authors were caught reviewing their own papers, it exposed weaknesses in modern publishing systems. Editors are trying to plug the holes.doi: 10.1038/515480a
Desperately seeking plutonium p.484
NASA has 35 kilograms of plutonium-238 to power its deep-space missions — but that will not get it very far.doi: 10.1038/515484a
News & Views
El Niño's variable history p.494
A study of the El Niño phenomenon over the past 21,000 years suggests that El Niño responded in complex ways to a changing climate, with several competing factors playing a part in its varying strength. See Letter p.550doi: 10.1038/515494a
A beast of the southern wild p.495
A newly discovered skull from the Cretaceous period belongs to a mammal that was big, strange and fast-moving. The fossil solves a long-standing mystery, and helps to resolve a controversy about mammalian evolution. See Article p.512doi: 10.1038/nature13940
Antitumour immunity gets a boost p.496
Five papers extend the list of cancers that respond to therapies that restore antitumour immunity by blocking the PD-1 pathway, and characterize those patients who respond best. See Letters p.558, p.563, p.568, p.572 & p.577doi: 10.1038/515496a
Cosmic triangles and black-hole masses p.498
A geometric measurement of the distance to a nearby galaxy implies a larger mass for its central black hole than previously calculated, and a consequent increase for most other masses of such black holes. See Letter p.528doi: 10.1038/515498a
Polarize to elongate p.499
An analysis of fruit-fly embryos reveals that receptor proteins of the Toll family direct the oriented cell rearrangements required for the elongation of the head-to-tail axis during development. See Article p.523doi: 10.1038/nature13937
Food choices for health and planet p.501
Are you wondering what to prepare for dinner tonight? Data analyses reveal that certain food choices greatly benefit both your health and the environment. But what to do with this evidence remains a challenge to society. See Article p.518doi: 10.1038/nature13943
Tolerance lies in the timing p.502
During immune-cell development, potentially self-reactive T cells are eliminated. It emerges that recruitment of a co-receptor bound to the T-cell receptor by the enzyme Lck is the rate-limiting step in this negative selection.doi: 10.1038/515502a
Review
Belowground biodiversity and ecosystem functioning p.505
Growing evidence points to belowground biota as a significant contributor to aboveground diversity and functioning as well as impacting eco-evolutionary responses to environmental change; this review explores such evidence and proposes further research directions.doi: 10.1038/nature13855
Articles
First cranial remains of a gondwanatherian mammal reveal remarkable mosaicism p.512
The gondwanatherians were mammals known only from teeth and some jaw fragments that lived in the southern continents alongside dinosaurs; here the entire cranium of a bizarre and badger-sized fossil mammal from the Cretaceous of Madagascar shows that gondwanatherians were related to the better-known multituberculates, a long-lived and successful group of now-extinct rodent-like mammals.doi: 10.1038/nature13922
Global diets link environmental sustainability and human health p.518
As incomes grow, diets change, with varying impacts on human health and the environment; here the links are examined and suggestions made for diets that both improve health and minimize environmental impacts.doi: 10.1038/nature13959
A positional Toll receptor code directs convergent extension in Drosophila p.523
Body axis elongation from head to tail is essential for animal development, however, the spatial cues that direct cell rearrangements relative to the anterior–posterior axis were unknown; this Drosophila study of convergent extension reveals that three Toll family receptors, expressed in overlapping stripes, modulate the contractile properties of cells to generate the polarized cell rearrangements that lead to body axis elongation.doi: 10.1038/nature13953
Letters
A dust-parallax distance of 19 megaparsecs to the supermassive black hole in NGC 4151 p.528
The active galaxy NGC 4151 has a crucial role as one of only two active galactic nuclei for which black hole mass measurements based on emission line reverberation mapping can be calibrated against other dynamical techniques
doi: 10.1038/nature13914
An impenetrable barrier to ultrarelativistic electrons in the Van Allen radiation belts p.531
Analysis of data obtained by probe spacecraft shows that ultrarelativistic electrons in the Van Allen radiation belts are prevented from entering a sharply defined region around the Earth, possibly owing to a combination of slow natural inward diffusion and pitch angle scattering.doi: 10.1038/nature13956
Metallization of vanadium dioxide driven by large phonon entropy p.535
X-ray and neutron scattering measurements and ab initio molecular dynamics calculations show that the transition from an insulating phase to a metallic phase in vanadium dioxide is driven primarily by the entropic effects of soft anharmonic lattice vibrations, or phonons, which stabilize the metallic phase.doi: 10.1038/nature13865
Passive radiative cooling below ambient air temperature under direct sunlight p.540
A multilayer photonic structure is described that strongly reflects incident sunlight while emitting heat selectively through an atmospheric transparency window to outer space; this leads to passive cooling under direct sunlight of 5 degrees Celsius below ambient air temperature, which has potential applications in air-conditioning and energy efficiency.doi: 10.1038/nature13883
Design and fabrication of memory devices based on nanoscale polyoxometalate clusters p.545
Flash memories are essential for modern electronics; here a selenium-templated polyoxometalate is used to engineer new metal–oxide–semiconductor devices.doi: 10.1038/nature13951
Evolution and forcing mechanisms of El Niño over the past 21,000 years p.550
A simulation of the evolution of El Niño Southern Oscillation in the past 21,000 years in a state-of-the-art climate model shows the complex response mechanisms of El Niño to external climate forcings and poses further challenges to our understanding and projection of El Niño in the future.doi: 10.1038/nature13963
Multiplex single-molecule interaction profiling of DNA-barcoded proteins p.554
Single-molecular-interaction-sequencing involves attaching DNA barcodes to proteins, assaying these barcoded proteins en masse in an aqueous solution, followed by immobilization in a polyacrylamide film and amplifying and analysing the barcoding DNAs—the method allows for precise protein quantification and simultaneous interrogation of molecular binding affinity and specificity.doi: 10.1038/nature13761
MPDL3280A (anti-PD-L1) treatment leads to clinical activity in metastatic bladder cancer p.558
The results of a clinical phase I study in metastatic urothelial bladder cancer treated with the MPDL3280A antibody show that expression of PD-L1 on tumour-infiltrating immune cells is relevant for the therapeutic response.doi: 10.1038/nature13904
Predictive correlates of response to the anti-PD-L1 antibody MPDL3280A in cancer patients p.563
Clinical and correlative biomarker results from a phase 1 clinical trial in patients with different solid tumours are presented; the findings indicate that PD-L1 expression on tumour-infiltrating immune cells is associated with clinical response to MPDL3280A (anti-PD-L1).doi: 10.1038/nature14011
PD-1 blockade induces responses by inhibiting adaptive immune resistance p.568
The dynamics of T-cell responses are investigated in tumour tissue from patients with advanced melanoma who were treated with a PD-1-blocking monoclonal antibody, revealing that clinical efficacy of the treatment correlates with increased frequencies of pre-existing CD8+ T cells and PD-1 and PD-L1 expression.doi: 10.1038/nature13954
Predicting immunogenic tumour mutations by combining mass spectrometry and exome sequencing p.572
A combination of genome-wide exome and transcriptome analysis, mass spectrometry and computational structural modelling are used here to identify immunogenic neo-antigens in two mouse tumour cancer cell lines; mice vaccinated with predicted immunogenic peptides yielded therapeutically useful cytotoxic T-lymphocyte responses.doi: 10.1038/nature14001
Checkpoint blockade cancer immunotherapy targets tumour-specific mutant antigens p.577
A carcinogen-induced mouse tumour model is used here to show that mutant tumour-specific antigens are targets for CD8+ T-cell responses, mediating tumour regression after checkpoint blockade immunotherapy, and that these antigens can be used effectively in therapeutic vaccines; this advance potentially opens the door to personalized cancer vaccines.doi: 10.1038/nature13988
Histone H2A.Z subunit exchange controls consolidation of recent and remote memory p.582
The authors identify a specific histone variant as a memory-suppressor that is initially reduced in expression within the hippocampus during memory formation; as a memory is consolidated to the cortex, reduced histone association with specific plasticity genes is observed, promoting stabilization of the memory.doi: 10.1038/nature13707
Epigenetic reprogramming that prevents transgenerational inheritance of the vernalized state p.587
The Arabidopsis thaliana floral repressor FLC is epigenetically silenced by prolonged cold in a process called vernalization and then is reactivated before the completion of seed development; a histone demethylase, ELF6, is now shown to be involved in reactivating FLC in reproductive tissues, allowing the resetting of FLC expression and thus the requirement for vernalization in each generation.doi: 10.1038/nature13722
A structure-based mechanism for tRNA and retroviral RNA remodelling during primer annealing p.591
To prime reverse transcription of Moloney murine leukaemia virus, a transfer RNA molecule must bind two regions of the retroviral RNA, the primer binding site (PBS) and primer activation signal within the U5-PBS; here, the NMR structures of the U5-PBS RNA and tRNA primer are solved, with and without the retroviral nucleocapsid protein, which remodels these regions.doi: 10.1038/nature13709
