There is life after academia p.5
With high numbers of postdocs emerging from universities, prospective PhD students must be prepared for the fact that they will probably not end up with a career in research.doi: 10.1038/513005a
Volume 513 Issue 7516
리서치 하이라이트
표지 기사： 은하계의 라니아케아 슈퍼클러스터
열대수렴대(ITCZ)의 이동 및 다이나믹스
사지 동물 기원 및 발달 가소성
장 내 세균과 간 경화 간의 상관 관계
암세포에서 RNA와 G-단백질 복합체에 의한 eIF4A 의존성 발암 유전자 번역
미생물 집락 반응에 의해서 강화되는 온도 민감도에 따른 토양의 호흡 속도
상피세포 아폽토시스와 네크로시스 억제를 통한 항상성 유지에 관여하는 RIPK1
갈색 지방 소모 및 암 환자의 악액질을 유발하는 종양 유래 PTH 연관 단백질
항-BRAF 및 항-MEK 암 치료법에 대한 내성을 유발하는 eIF4F
돌연변이 IDH에 의한 HNF-4 α 활성 차단 및 이에 의한 간세포 분화 억제 및 담관암 촉진
컨텐츠
Editorials
Heavenly homes p.6
The discovery of our Galaxy’s place in the Universe adds detail to our address.doi: 10.1038/513006a
The digital toolbox p.6
A new section of Nature examines the software and websites that make research easier.doi: 10.1038/513006b
News
Ebola drug trials set to begin amid crisis p.13
Testing drugs in the middle of deadly disease outbreak is challenging but can be done.doi: 10.1038/513013a
Stalled El Niño poised to resurge p.15
Studies of brewing weather event test understanding of past and future climate.doi: 10.1038/513015a
Switzerland braces for Alpine lake tsunami p.16
Authorities in Swiss canton blaze a trail by factoring the risk into hazard planning.doi: 10.1038/513016a
California quake puts warning system in the spotlight p.18
Scientists, politicians and business leaders will discuss practicalities of a regional network.doi: 10.1038/513018a
News Features
The ones who got away p.20
Sometimes, the brightest stars in science decide to leave. Nature finds out where they go.doi: 10.1038/513020a
The lingering questions p.24
In the haze of incomplete data, scientists are divided over the risks and benefits of electronic cigarettes.doi: 10.1038/513024a
News & Views
How plumes help to break plates p.36
Computer models show how hot material that rises from Earth's interior is affected by plate tectonics, producing unexpected irregularities in Earth's topography and assisting in the break-up of continental plates. See Letter p.85doi: 10.1038/513036a
Dynasty of the plastic fish p.37
Ambitious experimental and morphological studies of a modern fish show how developmental flexibility may have helped early 'fishapods' to make the transition from finned aquatic animals to tetrapods that walk on land. See Article p.54doi: 10.1038/nature13743
A guardian angel of cell integrity p.38
The finding that RIPK1, an integral protein in cell-death pathways, also functions to preserve the body's epithelial-cell barriers challenges the idea that cell death and survival are regulated by distinct factors. See Letters p.90 & p.95doi: 10.1038/513038a
Edit the genome to understand it p.40
Genome editing followed by sequencing has now been used to engineer and analyse every variation of several stretches of human DNA in living cells, providing insight into the function of each constituent nucleotide molecule. See Letter p.120doi: 10.1038/nature13659
Meet the Laniakea supercluster p.41
An analysis of a three-dimensional map of galaxies and their velocities reveals the hitherto unknown edges of the large system of galaxies in which we live — dubbed the Laniakea supercluster. See Letter p.71doi: 10.1038/513041a
How fluorescent RNA gets its glow p.42
Fluorescent tags are proving invaluable for tracking RNA molecules in cells. Two sets of crystal structures for one such tag — an RNA motif that fluoresces when bound to a dye — will aid the development of even better markers.doi: 10.1038/513042a
Review
Migrations and dynamics of the intertropical convergence zone p.45
The intertropical convergence zone, where global rainfall is greatest, is a narrow belt of clouds usually centred about six degrees north of the Equator; this Review links its migrations on various timescales to the atmospheric energy balance.doi: 10.1038/nature13636
Articles
Developmental plasticity and the origin of tetrapods p.54
The most primitive extant bony fish, Polypterus, exhibits adaptive plasticity for life on land when raised on land rather than in water, suggesting that environmentally induced phenotypic plasticity might have facilitated the macroevolutionary transition to life on land.doi: 10.1038/nature13708
Alterations of the human gut microbiome in liver cirrhosis p.59
Invasion of the gut by oral bacteria in liver cirrhosis.doi: 10.1038/nature13568
RNA G-quadruplexes cause eIF4A-dependent oncogene translation in cancer p.65
The translation of many messenger RNAs that encode important oncogenes and transcription factors depends on the eIF4A RNA helicase to resolve G-quadruplex structures, implying eIF4A inhibition as an effective cancer therapy.doi: 10.1038/nature13485
Letters
The Laniakea supercluster of galaxies p.71
Examination of a three-dimensional map of galaxies and their velocities shows a surface bounding the motions of galaxies that are inward after removal of the mean cosmic expansion and long-range flows; the galaxies within this surface lie within our home supercluster.doi: 10.1038/nature13674
A 400-solar-mass black hole in the galaxy M82 p.74
The discovery of two stable peaks at frequencies with a ratio of 3:2 in the power spectrum of X-ray emission from the brightest X-ray source in galaxy M82 suggests that, if the relationship between frequency and mass that holds for stellar-mass black holes can be extended to intermediate masses, the black hole believed to be the source of the emission has a mass approximately 400 times that of the Sun.doi: 10.1038/nature13710
Hierarchical organization of chiral rafts in colloidal membranes p.77
Inclusions dissolved in a colloidal membrane assemble into highly uniform finite-sized liquid droplets or rafts consisting of thousands of molecules.doi: 10.1038/nature13694
Temperature sensitivity of soil respiration rates enhanced by microbial community response p.81
Microbial community responses in soils from the Arctic to the Amazon often enhance the longer-term temperature sensitivity of respiration, particularly in soils with high carbon-to-nitrogen ratios and in soils from cold regions, suggesting that carbon stored in Arctic and boreal soils could be more vulnerable to climate warming than currently predicted.doi: 10.1038/nature13604
Asymmetric three-dimensional topography over mantle plumes p.85
Three-dimensional numerical models of the interaction of a mantle plume with a rheologically realistic lithosphere predict complex surface evolution very different from the smooth, radially symmetric patterns usually assumed to be the signature of a mantle upwelling, with strongly asymmetric small-scale three-dimensional features such as rifts and linear fault structures.doi: 10.1038/nature13703
RIPK1 maintains epithelial homeostasis by inhibiting apoptosis and necroptosis p.90
RIPK1 is shown to have a crucial role—independent of its known kinase function—in suppressing epithelial cell apoptosis and necroptosis in mice, thereby regulating homeostasis and preventing inflammation in barrier tissues.doi: 10.1038/nature13608
RIPK1 ensures intestinal homeostasis by protecting the epithelium against apoptosis p.95
This study provides evidence for a critical role of RIPK1 in suppressing caspase-8-mediated cell death and maintaining intestinal homeostasis independently of its kinase activity.doi: 10.1038/nature13706
Tumour-derived PTH-related protein triggers adipose tissue browning and cancer cachexia p.100
Many patients with cancer experience cachexia, a wasting disorder of adipose tissue and skeletal muscle that leads to weight loss and frailty; now, tumour-derived parathyroid-hormone-related protein has been shown to stimulate the expression of genes involved in heat production in adipose tissues and to have an important role in tissue wasting.doi: 10.1038/nature13528
eIF4F is a nexus of resistance to anti-BRAF and anti-MEK cancer therapies p.105
BRAF mutations occur frequently in melanomas, but patients generally develop resistance to agents targeting mutant BRAF; now, the persistent formation of the translation initiation complex eIF4F has been described as an indicator of multiple mechanisms of resistance that arise in BRAF-mutated tumours and as a promising therapeutic target.doi: 10.1038/nature13572
Mutant IDH inhibits HNF-4α to block hepatocyte differentiation and promote biliary cancer p.110
Mutations in isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 (IDH1) and IDH2 are among the most common genetic alterations in intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (IHCC), a deadly liver cancer
doi: 10.1038/nature13441
Dynamic and static maintenance of epigenetic memory in pluripotent and somatic cells p.115
Using a new method to estimate DNA methylation turnover rate, embryonic stem cells are shown to lack clonal transmission of methylation but still maintain a stable epigenetic state, whereas somatic cells transmit methylation clonally but lose epigenetic state coherence owing to the persistence of accumulated methylation errors.doi: 10.1038/nature13458
Saturation editing of genomic regions by multiplex homology-directed repair p.120
The authors perform saturation mutagenesis of genomic regions in their native endogenous chromosomal context by using CRISPR/Cas9 RNA-guided cleavage and multiplex homology-directed repair; its utility is demonstrated by measuring the effects of hundreds to thousands of genomic edits to BRCA1 and DBR1 on splicing and cellular fitness, respectively.doi: 10.1038/nature13695
High-resolution structure of the human GPR40 receptor bound to allosteric agonist TAK-875 p.124
The X-ray crystal structure of human GPR40 receptor in the presence of TAK-875, an orally available, potent and selective human GPR40 agonist.doi: 10.1038/nature13494
