What goes up p.231
Federal restrictions on the use of drones by US researchers threaten an increasingly productive tool. The scientific community must speak out while there is a chance to change matters.doi: 10.1038/512231a
Volume 512 Issue 7514
리서치 하이라이트
표지 기사： 초기 포유류의 먹이 섭식에 대한 생태학적 분석
CCR5 유전자 내에 존재하는 구조에 의해서 유발되는 -1 PRF 돌연변이 및 mRNA 불안정성
사람 GABAA 수용체에 대한 결정 구조 분석
생쥐 세로토닌 수용체 5-HT3에 대한 X-선 결정 구조 분석
적색 초거성 별 주변을 둘러싸고 있는 광-이온화에 의해서 제한된 겉껍질 구조
이원자성 분자에 대한 자기-광학적 트래핑
네안데르탈인의 멸종 시기에 대한 분석 결과
남극 서쪽 지역 빙하 아래에 존재하는 호수에 서식하는 미생물들에 대한 정보 분석
Meox 1에 의해서 조절되는 체절 유래 내피 세포에 의한 조혈모 세포 유도
IDH1 유전자를 타깃으로 하는 백신에 의한 항암 면역 반응 유발
컨텐츠
Editorials
Finding the root p.231
The NIH is right to investigate whether bias makes grant awards unfair.doi: 10.1038/512231b
News
US drone research hits regulatory turbulence p.239
Federal rules ground scientists using remotely piloted aircraft at private universities.doi: 10.1038/512239a
Double threat for Tibet p.240
Climate change and human development are jeopardizing the plateau’s fragile environment.doi: 10.1038/512240a
Bone technique redrafts prehistory p.242
Carbon-dating improvements show that Neanderthals disappeared from Europe much earlier than thought.doi: 10.1038/512242a
NIH to probe racial disparity in grant awards p.243
US agency will assess whether grant reviewers are biased against minority applicants.doi: 10.1038/512243a
News Features
Antarctica's secret garden p.244
Samples from a lake hidden under 800 metres of ice contain thousands of microbes and hint at vast ecosystems yet to be discovered.doi: 10.1038/512244a
News & Views
Microbes eat rock under ice p.256
The first description of the microorganisms inhabiting a subglacial lake deep below the Antarctic ice sheet reveals some of the complex interactive metabolic processes that sustain these microbial communities. See Letter p.310doi: 10.1038/512256a
It takes muscle to make blood cells p.257
Blood stem cells derive at least in part from an embryonic vessel called the dorsal aorta. It emerges that a flanking tissue called the somite contributes cells and signals to this process. See Letters p.314 & p.319doi: 10.1038/nature13740
Warning signs of the Iquique earthquake p.258
An earthquake off Chile in 2014 occurred in a region where a great seismic event was expected. Two studies reveal that months of foreshocks and slow slip on the associated plate-boundary fault preceded the event. See Letters p.295 & p.299doi: 10.1038/nature13655
The time of the last Neanderthals p.260
The application of improved radiocarbon-dating techniques to samples from archaeological sites ranging from Russia to Spain has redefined the timing of the final disappearance of Neanderthals from Europe. See Letter p.306doi: 10.1038/512260a
Complexity trapped by simplicity p.261
Devices known as magneto-optical traps have long been used to cool and confine atoms, but not molecules — until now. This new ability should enable many studies and applications of the physics of ultracold molecules. See Letter p.286doi: 10.1038/512261a
Human melting pots in southeast Asia p.262
New genetic methods to analyse mixed human populations have extended existing, multidisciplinary evidence for the historical migrations and mixings of Austronesian peoples.doi: 10.1038/512262a
Articles
Ribosomal frameshifting in the CCR5 mRNA is regulated by miRNAs and the NMD pathway p.265
Programmed −1 ribosomal frameshifting (−1 PRF) is a process by which a signal in a messenger RNA causes a translating ribosome to shift by one nucleotide, thus changing the reading frame; here −1 PRF in the mRNA for the co-receptor for HIV-1, CCR5, is stimulated by two microRNAs and leads to degradation of the transcript by nonsense-mediated decay and at least one other decay pathway.doi: 10.1038/nature13429
Crystal structure of a human GABAA receptor p.270
GABAA receptors are the principal mediators of rapid inhibitor synaptic transmission in the brain, and a decline in GABAA signalling leads to diseases including epilepsy, insomnia, anxiety and autism; here, the first X-ray crystal structure of a human GABAA receptor, the human β3 homopentamer, reveals structural features unique for this receptor class and uncovers the locations of key disease-causing mutations.doi: 10.1038/nature13293
X-ray structure of the mouse serotonin 5-HT3 receptor p.276
The first X-ray crystal structure of the mouse serotonin 5-HT3 receptor, a pentameric ligand-gated ion channel, is similar to those of other Cys-loop receptors — though here electron density for part of the cytoplasmic domain, which is important for trafficking, synaptic localization, and modulation by cytoplasmic proteins, but not visible in previous structures, is also described.doi: 10.1038/nature13552
Letters
Interacting supernovae from photoionization-confined shells around red supergiant stars p.282
A model in which the stellar wind of the fast-moving red supergiant Betelgeuse is photoionized by radiation from external sources can explain the dense, almost static shell recently discovered around the star, and predicts both that debris from Betelgeuse’s eventual supernova explosion will violently collide with the shell and that other red supergiants should have similar, but much more massive, shells.doi: 10.1038/nature13522
Magneto-optical trapping of a diatomic molecule p.286
Magneto-optical trapping is the standard method for laser cooling and confinement of atomic gases but now this technique has been demonstrated for the diatomic molecule strontium monofluoride, leading to the lowest temperature yet achieved by cooling a molecular gas.doi: 10.1038/nature13634
Abrupt glacial climate shifts controlled by ice sheet changes p.290
The volume of the Northern Hemisphere ice sheet controlled abrupt millennial-scale climate changes during the last glacial.doi: 10.1038/nature13592
Continuing megathrust earthquake potential in Chile after the 2014 Iquique earthquake p.295
The 2014 Iquique event was not the earthquake that had been expected to fill the regional seismic gap; given that significant sections of the northern Chile subduction zone have not ruptured in almost 150 years, it is likely that future megathrust earthquakes will occur south and potentially north of the 2014 Iquique sequence.doi: 10.1038/nature13677
Gradual unlocking of plate boundary controlled initiation of the 2014 Iquique earthquake p.299
A long foreshock series unlocked the South American plate boundary until eventually initiating the M 8.1 Iquique, Chile, earthquake.doi: 10.1038/nature13681
Dietary specializations and diversity in feeding ecology of the earliest stem mammals p.303
Differences in function and dietary ecology between Morganucodon and Kuehneotherium show that lineage splitting during the earliest stages of mammalian evolution was associated with ecomorphological specialization and niche partitioning.doi: 10.1038/nature13622
The timing and spatiotemporal patterning of Neanderthal disappearance p.306
Accelerator mass spectrometry radiocarbon dating is used to construct a chronology of Neanderthal disappearance, showing that Neanderthals overlapped with anatomically modern humans for between about 2,000 and 5,000 years.doi: 10.1038/nature13621
A microbial ecosystem beneath the West Antarctic ice sheet p.310
There has been active debate over microbial life in Antarctic subglacial lakes owing to a paucity of direct observations from beneath the ice sheet and concerns about contamination in the samples that do exist; here the authors present the first geomicrobiological description of pristine water and surficial sediments from Subglacial Lake Whillans, and show that the lake water contains a diverse microbial community, many members of which are closely related to chemolithoautotrophic bacteria and archaea.doi: 10.1038/nature13667
Haematopoietic stem cell induction by somite-derived endothelial cells controlled by meox1 p.314
A new somite compartment, called the endotome, that contributes to the formation of the embryonic dorsal aorta by providing endothelial progenitors is identified here; endotome-derived endothelial progenitors, whose formation is regulated by the activity of the meox1 gene, induce haematopoietic stem cell formation upon colonization of the nascent dorsal aorta.doi: 10.1038/nature13678
Jam1a–Jam2a interactions regulate haematopoietic stem cell fate through Notch signalling p.319
Notch signalling has a key role in the generation of haematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) during vertebrate development; here two adhesion molecules, Jam1a and Jam2a, are shown to be essential for the contact between precursors of HSCs and the somite during embryonic migration, and the Jam1a–Jam2a interaction is shown to be needed to transmit the Notch signal and produce HSCs.doi: 10.1038/nature13623
A vaccine targeting mutant IDH1 induces antitumour immunity p.324
The mutant IDH1 protein, which is expressed in a large fraction of human gliomas, is shown to be immunogenic; mutant-specific immune responses can be detected in patients with IDH1 mutated gliomas and generated in mice and are shown to treat established IDH1 mutant tumours in a syngeneic MHC humanized mouse model in a CD4 T-cell-dependent manner.doi: 10.1038/nature13387
Dynamic pathways of −1 translational frameshifting p.328
To investigate the mechanism of frameshifting during messenger RNA translation, a technique was developed to monitor translation of single molecules in real time using Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET); ribosomes were revealed to pause tenfold longer than usual during elongation at the frameshifting sites.doi: 10.1038/nature13428
X-ray structures of GluCl in apo states reveal a gating mechanism of Cys-loop receptors p.333
This study solved structures of the glutamate-gated chloride channel (GluCl), a Cys-loop receptor from C. elegant, in an apo, closed state and in a lipid-bound state — comparison of these structures with a previously published structure of GluCl in an ivermectin-bound state reveals what conformational changes probably occur as this membrane protein transitions from the closed/resting state towards an open/activated state.doi: 10.1038/nature13669
