p.133
Success in synthetic biology will depend on better collaboration.doi: 10.1038/509133a
Volume 509 Issue 7499
리서치 하이라이트
표지 기사： 합성 생물학의 현주소
하이드로 다이나믹 시뮬레이션을 통한 은하계 특성 분석
위 절제 수술 효과의 분자생물학적 타깃이 되는 FXR
감각 운동 신경 회로의 완결성을 유지하는데 중요한 역할을 하는 성상 세포 내 암호화 자세 신호
시각 발달 동안 중요한 역할을 수행하는 MHC I형 H2-Db
GRB 121024A의 잔광에서 확인된 원형 편광화
농업 환경에서 생물 다양성 변화 및 급작스런 부위에 대한 예측
히말라야 명금류의 종분화 속도를 조절하는 서식지 형성
숙주의 탐식작용을 이용하여 세포 간 확산을 촉진하는 Listeria monocytogenes
숙주 방어와 자가 면역 질환 과정에서 반응성 산소종의 네거티브 조절을 담당하는 NRROS
파이토크롬 광센서에서 신호 증폭 및 전송 메커니즘을 밝힌 구조 분석
컨텐츠
Editorials
p.134
Amoeba races demonstrate a fun way to promote interest in science.doi: 10.1038/509134b
p.134
Millions of hours of processing time yield the best picture so far of how the Universe evolved.doi: 10.1038/509134a
News
p.141
Bacteria are increasingly dodging extermination as drug availability outpaces regulation.doi: 10.1038/509141a
p.142
Study of disaster-prone Russian islands underscores perils of colonizing unfamiliar terrains.doi: 10.1038/509142a
p.145
Researchers concerned about country’s competitiveness as most party manifestos neglect innovation.doi: 10.1038/509145a
p.146
As drug companies shift focus, academia ramps up its role in bringing discoveries to market.doi: 10.1038/509146a
News Features
p.148
Methods for monitoring tumour cells in living animals are transforming our view of cancer.doi: 10.1038/509148a
p.151
Since the birth of synthetic biology nearly 15 years ago, the field has splintered into diverse tribes of scientists, all attempting to bestow cells with new abilities.doi: 10.1038/509151a
p.152
Synthetic biology is facing a tug of war over whether to patent its discoveries or embrace open-source innovation.doi: 10.1038/509152a
News & Views
p.166
Synthetic biology involves the creation of biological systems for new applications by modifying and reassembling biological components. Two views are presented here on the best way to engineer these components so that they reliably generate organisms with desired traits.doi: 10.1038/509166a
p.167
Observational data and modelling show that the rapid warming of the northeastern Canada and Greenland sector of the Arctic over the past three decades has been strongly driven by cooling in the tropical Pacific Ocean. See Letter p.209doi: 10.1038/509167a
p.168
One aim of synthetic biology is to generate complex synthetic organisms. Now, a stage in this process has been achieved in yeast cells — an entire yeast chromosome has been converted to a synthetic sequence in a stepwise manner.doi: 10.1038/509168a
p.170
A numerical simulation of cosmic structure formation reproduces both large- and smaller-scale features of a representative volume of the Universe from early in its history to the present day. See Article p.177doi: 10.1038/509170a
p.171
Data from Himalayan songbirds suggest that the rate-limiting step in biodiversity production may not be the speed of speciation, but rather the speed at which new niches are created. See Letter p.222doi: 10.1038/nature13332
p.173
Field experiments that varied the composition of both plant litter and the organisms that break it down have revealed that, across ecosystems, lower biodiversity slows the rate of litter decomposition. See Letter p.218doi: 10.1038/509173a
p.174
A tour de force of X-ray scattering has yielded structures of a phytochrome photoreceptor in its dark and illuminated states, showing how localized protein refolding magnifies a light signal to form a cellular message. See Letter p.245doi: 10.1038/nature13331
Articles
p.177
A simulation that starts 12 million years after the Big Bang and traces 13 billion years of cosmic evolution yields a reasonable population of elliptical and spiral galaxies, reproduces the observed distribution of galaxies in clusters and the characteristics of hydrogen on large scales, and at the same time matches the ‘metal’ and hydrogen content of galaxies on small scales.doi: 10.1038/nature13316
p.183
Bariatric surgical procedures, such as vertical sleeve gastrectomy (VSG), are the most effective therapy for the treatment of obesity; now bile acids, and the presence of the nuclear bile acid receptor FXR, are shown to underpin the mechanism of VSG action, and the ability of VSG to reduce body weight and improve glucose tolerance is substantially reduced if FXR is absent.doi: 10.1038/nature13135
p.189
Populations of astrocytes in the spinal cord are shown to express region-specific genes, with ventral astrocyte-encoded Sema3a necessary for proper motor neuron circuit organization and typical sensory afferent projection patterns; these findings suggest that astrocytes provide a positional cue for maintaining proper circuit formation and refinement.doi: 10.1038/nature13161
p.195
This study reveals a role for the MHC class I molecule H2-Db in retinogeniculate synapse elimination; expression of this immune system molecule in neurons lacking it is sufficient to rescue proper synapse pruning, as well as the segregation of eye-specific circuits in mice.doi: 10.1038/nature13154
Letters
p.201
Circularly polarized light is unexpectedly detected in the afterglow of γ-ray burst GRB 121024A measured 0.15 days after the burst, and is shown to be intrinsic to the afterglow and unlikely to be produced by dust scattering or plasma propagation effects.doi: 10.1038/nature13237
p.205
The transition between ‘static’ and ‘dynamic’ friction in a model system is found to be quantitatively captured by the same theoretical framework as is used to describe brittle fracture, but deviations from this correspondence are observed as the rupture velocity approaches the speed at which sound waves propagate along the interface.doi: 10.1038/nature13202
p.209
Human-induced climate change is usually assumed to be responsible for the dramatic thawing of glaciers since the mid 1990s in Greenland and northeastern Canada; approximately half of the observed warming in this region during this period is now found to be attributable to atmospheric circulation changes that may be of natural origin.doi: 10.1038/nature13260
p.213
A new, holistic view of countryside biogeography is emerging for the world’s human-modified habitats and the biodiversity they support.doi: 10.1038/nature13139
p.218
Field experiments across aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems show that biodiversity positively affects carbon and nitrogen cycling in leaf litter decomposition, indicating that reduced decomposition caused by biodiversity loss would modify the global carbon cycle and limit the nitrogen supply to the organisms at the base of the food chain.doi: 10.1038/nature13247
p.222
In Himalayan songbirds, the speciation rate is ultimately set by ecological competition, rather than by the rate of acquisition of reproductive isolation.doi: 10.1038/nature13272
p.226
Intracellular recordings distinguish between mechanisms that can account for variability in primary visual cortex of alert primates, consistent with a scheme in which spiking is driven by infrequent synchronous events during fixation, with sensory stimulation shifting the cortex to an asynchronous state.doi: 10.1038/nature13159
p.230
The intracellular bacterial pathogen Listeria monocytogenes is shown to exploit efferocytosis—the process by which dead or dying cells are removed by phagocytosis—to promote cell-to-cell spread during infection.doi: 10.1038/nature13168
p.235
The leucine-rich repeat protein NRROS which resides in the endoplasmic reticulum regulates phagocytic NADPH oxidase, minimizing collateral tissue damage caused by reactive oxygen species during inflammatory processes.doi: 10.1038/nature13152
p.240
The endo-lysosomal transporters SLC15A3 and SLC15A4 provide a portal of entry for extracellular bacterial products that activate the cytoplasmic sensor NOD2; these results establish the importance of endosomes as signalling platforms specialized for triggering innate immune responses.doi: 10.1038/nature13133
p.245
The solution and crystal structures of a bacterial phytochrome photosensory core in both its resting and activated states are determined; switching between closed (resting) and open (activated) forms is found to be mediated by a conserved ‘tongue’, and the structures indicate that smaller changes in the vicinity of the chromophore are amplified in scale as they are transmitted through the tongue and beyond.doi: 10.1038/nature13310
