Vigilance needed p.451
Experiments that make deadly pathogens more dangerous demand the utmost scrutiny.doi: 10.1038/493451b
Volume 493 Issue 7433
리서치 하이라이트
표지 기사：
과거 그린란드 대륙빙 소실에 대한 아이스 코어 기록 분석
글루타메이트 수용체와 별개의 신호전달 경로를 이용하는 장기 기억 강화
태양 코로나의 에너지 방출에 대한 새로운 분석 이미지
반도체에 대한 레이저 냉각 메커니즘
미국 중서부 지역 불모지를 이용한 바이오 연료 생산용 작물 재배 가능성 확인
안정적인 포행 중인 부위의 약화에 의한 대규모 지진 단층 형성 가능성
북유럽에서 6천년 전부터 제작되었던 것으로 확인된 치즈
중뇌의 도파민 생성 뉴런에 관여하는 우울증 연관성 행동에 대한 조절
암세포에서 일어나는 p53 의존성 대사 경로 리모델링
기도 염증 반응에 관여하는 기도 상피세포
컨텐츠
Editorials
Genetic privacy p.451
The ability to identify an individual from their anonymous genome sequence, using a clever algorithm and data from public databases, threatens the principle of subject confidentiality.doi: 10.1038/493451a
Science stakes p.452
With the Royal Institution in trouble, Britain’s crowded public-science scene must evolve.doi: 10.1038/493452a
News
Greenland defied ancient warming p.459
But Antarctic glaciers may be more vulnerable than thought.doi: 10.1038/493459a
Work resumes on lethal flu strains p.460
Study of lab-made viruses a ‘public-health responsibility’.doi: 10.1038/493460a
Researchers debate oil-spill remedy p.461
Oil industry maintains that dispersants should be part of routine response to deep-water blowouts.doi: 10.1038/493461a
International aid projects come under the microscope p.462
Clinical-research techniques deployed to assess effectiveness of aid initiatives.doi: 10.1038/493462a
Fresh bid to see exo-Earths p.464
Improved instruments and a telescope windfall could aid the search for extrasolar life.doi: 10.1038/493464a
Japan’s stimulus package showers science with cash p.465
But new leadership’s largesse brings expectations of fast commercial pay-offs.doi: 10.1038/493465a
News Features
Mapping brain networks: Fish-bowl neuroscience p.466
Tiny fish trapped in a virtual world provide a window into complex brain connections.doi: 10.1038/493466a
Social evolution: The ritual animal p.470
Praying, fighting, dancing, chanting — human rituals could illuminate the growth of community and the origins of civilization.doi: 10.1038/493470a
News & Views
Neuroscience: Strength in numbers p.482
A process called long-term potentiation mediates information storage — learning and memory — at the level of neurons. An in vitro study turns the molecular understanding of this process on its head. But researchers' opinions differ as to what can be inferred from these data. See Article p.495doi: 10.1038/493482a
Bioenergy: Biofuel production on the margins p.483
An analysis shows that fuel made from wild, herbaceous vegetation grown on land currently unsuitable for cultivating field crops could contribute substantially to the United States' targets for biofuel production. See Letter p.514doi: 10.1038/nature11853
Solar physics: Towards ever smaller length scales p.485
Determining the real scale of structures in the Sun's corona has proved difficult because of limited spatial resolution. Now high-resolution imaging has allowed dynamic structures on scales of 150 kilometres to be observed. See Letter p.501doi: 10.1038/493485a
Palaeontology: Gritting their teeth p.486
A comparison of the wearing effect of plant-derived silica and desert dust on tooth enamel suggests that extreme wear on teeth might not be caused by food. The findings may change some thoughts about the diets of human ancestors.doi: 10.1038/493486a
Cancer: The to and fro of tumour spread p.487
Two studies shed light on the role of cellular transitions between the epithelial and mesenchymal states during cancer metastasis, and provide food for thought as to which cellular processes should be targeted in cancer treatment.doi: 10.1038/493487a
Articles
Eemian interglacial reconstructed from a Greenland folded ice core p.489
Reconstruction of the Eemian interglacial from the new NEEM ice core shows that in spite of a climate warmer by eight degrees Celsius in Northern Greenland than that of the past millennium, the ice here was only a few hundred metres lower than its present level.doi: 10.1038/nature11789
LTP requires a reserve pool of glutamate receptors independent of subunit type p.495
Long-term potentiation (LTP) of synaptic transmission is thought to be an important cellular mechanism underlying memory formation. A widely accepted model posits that LTP requires the cytoplasmic carboxyl tail (C-tail) of the AMPA (α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionic acid) receptor subunit GluA1. To find the minimum necessary requirement of the GluA1 C-tail for LTP in mouse CA1 hippocampal pyramidal neurons, we used a single-cell molecular replacement strategy to replace all endogenous AMPA receptors with transfected subunits. In contrast to the prevailing model, we found no requirement of the GluA1 C-tail for LTP. In fact, replacement with the GluA2 subunit showed normal LTP, as did an artificially expressed kainate receptor not normally found at these synapses. The only conditions under which LTP was impaired were those with markedly decreased AMPA receptor surface expression, indicating a requirement for a reserve pool of receptors. These results demonstrate the synapse’s remarkable flexibility to potentiate with a variety of glutamate receptor subtypes, requiring a fundamental change in our thinking with regard to the core molecular events underlying synaptic plasticity.
doi: 10.1038/nature11775
Letters
Energy release in the solar corona from spatially resolved magnetic braids p.501
Solar observations at a resolution of 0.2 arc seconds show the reconnection and relaxation of magnetic braids in a coronal active region, leading to the dissipation of sufficient energy to heat the structures to about 4,000,000 K.doi: 10.1038/nature11772
Laser cooling of a semiconductor by 40 kelvin p.504
Net laser cooling from 290 kelvin to about 250 kelvin is achieved in semiconductor cadmium sulphide ‘nanobelts’ and attributed to strong coupling between excitons and longitudinal optical phonons.doi: 10.1038/nature11721
Interface-engineered templates for molecular spin memory devices p.509
When molecules of a phenalenyl derivative, which has no net spin, are deposited on a ferromagnet, they develop into a magnetic supramolecular layer with spin-filtering properties; this could be the basis for a new approach to building molecular magnetic devices.doi: 10.1038/nature11719
Sustainable bioenergy production from marginal lands in the US Midwest p.514
A comparative assessment of six alternative cropping systems over 20 years shows that, once well established, successional herbaceous vegetation grown on marginal lands has a direct greenhouse gas emissions mitigation capacity that rivals that of purpose-grown crops.doi: 10.1038/nature11811
Stable creeping fault segments can become destructive as a result of dynamic weakening p.518
An earthquake source model in which stable, rate-strengthening behaviour at low slip rates is combined with coseismic weakening due to rapid shear heating of pore fluids, allowing unstable slip to occur in segments that can creep between events, explains a number of both long-term and coseismic observations of faults that hosted the 2011 Tohoku-Oki earthquake and the 1999 Chi-Chi earthquake.doi: 10.1038/nature11703
Earliest evidence for cheese making in the sixth millennium bc in northern Europe p.522
Biomarker and stable isotopic analysis of lipid residues from perforated pottery vessels from sixth millennium bc Europe are consistent with these vessels having been used for making cheese, a low-lactose dairy product with digestion and storage advantages for the prehistoric lactose-intolerant farming communities.doi: 10.1038/nature11698
Insights into bilaterian evolution from three spiralian genomes OPEN p.526
Comparative analysis of the genomes of one mollusc (Lottia gigantea) and two annelids (Capitella teleta and Helobdella robusta) enable a more complete reconstruction of genomic features of the last common ancestors of protostomes, bilaterians and metazoans; against this conserved background they provide the first glimpse into lineage-specific evolution and diversity of the lophotrochozoans.doi: 10.1038/nature11696
Rapid regulation of depression-related behaviours by control of midbrain dopamine neurons p.532
Optogenetic induction of phasic, but not tonic, firing in VTA dopamine neurons induces susceptibility to stress in mice undergoing a subthreshold social-defeat paradigm and in previously resilient mice that have been subjected to repeated social-defeat stress, and this effect is projection-pathway specific.doi: 10.1038/nature11713
Dopamine neurons modulate neural encoding and expression of depression-related behaviour p.537
Specific manipulation of midbrain dopamine neurons in freely moving rodents shows that their inhibition or excitation immediately modulates depression-like phenotypes that are induced by chronic mild stress, and that their activation alters the neural encoding of depression-related behaviours in the nucleus accumbens.doi: 10.1038/nature11740
Serine starvation induces stress and p53-dependent metabolic remodelling in cancer cells p.542
The authors show that p53 helps cancer cells survive serine depletion by coordinating metabolic remodelling; a diet lacking serine slowed tumour growth in mice, with p53-null tumours showing greatest sensitivity to serine starvation.doi: 10.1038/nature11743
Apoptotic cell clearance by bronchial epithelial cells critically influences airway inflammation p.547
Airway epithelial cells are important in immune homeostasis in that they dampen immune activation by clearing dying cells and producing anti-inflammatory cytokines.doi: 10.1038/nature11714
Functional and evolutionary insight from the crystal structure of rubella virus protein E1 p.552
The crystal structure of rubella virus E1 glycoprotein in its post-fusion form reveals a class II fusion protein with distinct features so far unseen in any other crystallized fusion protein; the location of an antibody-neutralization epitope also suggests that rubella-specific antibodies may function through prevention of E1 glycoprotein trimer formation during cell entry.doi: 10.1038/nature11741
RNAi triggered by specialized machinery silences developmental genes and retrotransposons p.557
In the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe RNA interference (RNAi) machinery promotes heterochromatin assembly and silencing of centromeric repeats; here it is shown that RNAi participates in silencing other genomic regions, such as sexual differentiation genes and retrotransposons, and this process is regulated by developmental and environmental signals.doi: 10.1038/nature11716
TET2 promotes histone O-GlcNAcylation during gene transcription p.561
TET2 is shown to associate with OGT, which catalyses O-GlcNAcylation, and the two enzymes are found together at transcription start sites; TET2 facilitates the activity of OGT in O-GlcNAcylation of histone 2B, and epigenetic modifications to both DNA and histones by TET2 and OGT may be important in gene transcription regulation.doi: 10.1038/nature11742
