Volume 520 Number 7549

Editorials

遺伝学的データや医学データの共有は診断の改善につながるが、こうした共有は歴史が浅く、一般的になるためにはまだ多くの課題がある。

Thank you for sharing p.585

Initiatives to make genetic and medical data publicly available could improve diagnostics — but they lose value if they do not share with other projects.

doi: 10.1038/520585a

英国は、自国の海洋・沿岸域の保護を積極的に進めるべきだ。

A hard sell p.585

Scientists must stand up for marine parks if the value of the seas is to be recognized globally.

doi: 10.1038/520585b

新しく発見された超小型の恐竜に、現在の分類体系とは相いれない興味深い付属構造が見られることが明らかになった。

More on unicorns p.586

A newly discovered tiny dinosaur sported an intriguing structural accessory.

doi: 10.1038/525586a

News

ヒト胚で遺伝子編集を行ったとする論文を引き金に、研究倫理をめぐる激しい論争が。

Embryo editing sparks epic debate p.593

In wake of paper describing genetic modification of human embryos, scientists disagree about ethics.

doi: 10.1038/520593a

カナダが産学協同を進め、応用研究により大きな力を。

Canadian budget pushes applied research p.595

Plan seeks to increase government partnerships with industry but downplays basic science.

doi: 10.1038/nature.2015.17305

ローマ法王が、気候変動問題を論じる会議を開催へ。

Vatican convenes major climate-change meeting p.596

Religious leaders and scientists gather to discuss moral implications of global warming as Pope drafts key letter.

doi: 10.1038/520596a

遺伝子診断企業が、自身の保有する膨大なDNAデータを生かし、創薬に狙いを。

Consumer DNA firms get serious about drug development p.597

Companies race to gather large data sets in bid to find treatments based on genetics.

doi: 10.1038/520597a

人類の南米への移動の波は一度だったことが、ペルーのアンデス山脈で出土したヒトの遺骨から明らかに。

Bone DNA reveals humanity’s trek into South America p.598

Skeletons from Peru caves plot course for a single migration to the continent.

doi: 10.1038/520598a

News Features

STAP:騒動の余波

Collateral damage: How one misconduct case brought a biology institute to its knees p.600

理化学研究所の不正問題は、日本の科学界に大きな後遺症を残した。

doi: 10.1038/520600a

科学と政治:「アラブの春」が終わって

Science in turmoil: After the Arab Spring p.604

北アフリカおよび中東を揺るがした革命から4年が経過したが、科学者は先行きの見えない状況に置かれている。

doi: 10.1038/520604a

News & Views

がん:p53の重要な同行者

Cancer: An essential passenger with p53 p.626

TP53遺伝子の欠失は大腸がんで見られる事象の1つで、遺伝子転写を支配する酵素のサブユニットをコードする遺伝子が一緒に欠失していることが多い。こうした事態が、治療法開発の好機となる脆弱性を作り出している。

doi: 10.1038/nature14390

免疫学:シグナル遮断によって死産を防止する

Immunology: Stillbirth prevented by signal blockade p.627

妊娠中の細菌感染は胎児の死亡を引き起こすことがある。感染の際に誘導され、危険な免疫細胞を胎盤に移動させる細胞シグナル伝達経路が突き止められたことは、死産防止に新しい道を開くかもしれない。

doi: 10.1038/520627a

微生物学:アルテミシニンに完勝のマラリア原虫

Microbiology: Malaria runs rings round artemisinin p.628

東南アジアの一部では、アルテミシニンを使った抗マラリア薬に含まれる有効成分に対して、マラリア原虫が耐性を示すようになってきている。細胞のシグナル伝達経路を正確に知ることは、この現象を解明するのに役立つかもしれない。

doi: 10.1038/nature14387

古気候:バイポーラーシーソーを動かすのは北からの力

Palaeoclimate: Northern push for the bipolar see-saw p.630

南極氷床コアから得られたデータは、最終氷期に北半球で起こった急激な気候変動は、これに関連して南極で起こった変化に約200年先行するものであったことを示しており、海洋による結合過程を示している。

doi: 10.1038/520630a

材料科学:大きく薄く成長した半導体

Materials science: Semiconductors grown large and thin p.631

遷移金属ダイカルコゲナイドと呼ばれる半導体の原子数個分の厚さの層を、平方センチメートルのスケールで均一に成長させることができた。これは電子機器の究極の小型化への道を開くものだ。

doi: 10.1038/520631a

Articles

神経科学:ショウジョウバエの行動選択を強化する多レベル・多モード回路

A multilevel multimodal circuit enhances action selection in Drosophila p.633

Combining neural manipulation in freely behaving animals, physiological studies and electron microscopy reconstruction in the Drosophila larva identifies a complex multilsensory circuit involved in the selection of larval escape modes that exhibits a multilevel multimodal convergence architecture.

doi: 10.1038/nature14297

構造生物学:ヒト80Sリボソームの構造

Structure of the human 80S ribosome p.640

The structure of the human ribosome at high resolution has been solved; by combining single-particle cryo-EM and atomic model building, local resolution of 2.9 Å was achieved within the most stable areas of the structure.

doi: 10.1038/nature14427

Letters

宇宙物理学:銀河系の内側の数パーセクに広がった硬X線放射

Extended hard-X-ray emission in the inner few parsecs of the Galaxy p.646

A distinct hard-X-ray emission component is reported within the central four parsecs by eight parsecs of the Galaxy; this emission is more sharply peaked toward the Galactic Centre than is the surface brightness of the soft X-ray population, and all the interpretations of this emission pose significant challenges to our understanding of stellar evolution, binary formation and cosmic-ray production in the Galactic Centre.

doi: 10.1038/nature14353

グラフェン:二層グラフェンドメイン壁におけるトポロジカルバレー輸送

Topological valley transport at bilayer graphene domain walls p.650

The bandgap of bilayer graphene can be tuned with an electric field and topological valley polarized modes have been predicted to exist at its domain boundaries; here, near-field infrared imaging and low-temperature transport measurements reveal such modes in gapped bilayer graphene.

doi: 10.1038/nature14364

材料科学:ウエハースケールの均一性を持つ、原子3個分の厚さの高移動度半導体膜

High-mobility three-atom-thick semiconducting films with wafer-scale homogeneity p.656

A new chemical vapour deposition method enables transition-metal dichalcogenide (TMD) monolayers to be grown directly on insulating silicon dioxide wafers, demonstrating the possibility of wafer-scale batch fabrication of high-performance devices with TMD monolayers.

doi: 10.1038/nature14417

古気候学:最終氷期における急激な気候変動の正確な極間の同調

Precise interpolar phasing of abrupt climate change during the last ice age p.661

A new ice core from West Antarctica shows that, during the last ice age, abrupt Northern Hemisphere climate variations were followed two centuries later by a response in Antarctica, suggesting an oceanic propagation of the climate signal to the Southern Hemisphere high latitudes.

doi: 10.1038/nature14401

生物地球化学:32億年前のモリブデン型ニトロゲナーゼによる生物的窒素固定を裏付ける同位体の証拠

Isotopic evidence for biological nitrogen fixation by molybdenum-nitrogenase from 3.2 Gyr p.666

Nitrogen isotope ratios from rocks between 3.2 and 2.75 billion years old are most readily explained by biological nitrogen fixation, most probably using the metal molybdenum as a cofactor, showing that nitrogen fixation is at least 3.2 billion years old and suggesting that molybdenum was available to organisms long before the Great Oxidation Event.

doi: 10.1038/nature14180

免疫学:総血清免疫グロブリンE濃度の全エピゲノム関連解析

An epigenome-wide association study of total serum immunoglobulin E concentration p.670

A survey of epigenetic associations between serum immunoglobulin E concentrations indicating allergy and methylation at CpG islands in families and a population sample has revealed associations at 36 loci that harbour genes encoding proteins including eosinophil products and phospholipid inflammatory mediators.

doi: 10.1038/nature14125

神経科学:肯定的な連合と否定的な連合を識別するための回路機構

A circuit mechanism for differentiating positive and negative associations p.675

Neurons in the basolateral amygdala projecting to canonical fear or reward circuits undergo opposing changes in synaptic strength following fear or reward conditioning, and selectively activating these projection-target-defined neural populations causes either negative or positive reinforcement, respectively.

doi: 10.1038/nature14366

植物科学:NIK-1を介した翻訳抑制は植物の抗ウイルス免疫機構として機能する

NIK1-mediated translation suppression functions as a plant antiviral immunity mechanism p.679

A new mechanism that plants use to combat begomoviruses—one of the most pathogenic groups of plant viruses, causing severe disease in major crops worldwide—is uncovered: plants inhibit the transcription of genes associated with the translational apparatus, thus causing a general reduction in protein synthesis.

doi: 10.1038/nature14171

微生物学:熱帯熱マラリア原虫によるマラリアで見られるアルテミシニン耐性の分子機構

A molecular mechanism of artemisinin resistance in Plasmodium falciparum malaria p.683

Artemisinins are key anti-malarial drugs, but artemisinin resistance has been increasing; this study identifies the molecular target of artemisinins as phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase and increase of the lipid product phosphatidylinositol-3-phosphate induces resistance in Plasmodium falciparum.

doi: 10.1038/nature14412

エボラウイルス:弱毒化したVesiculovaxワクチンの単回投与は霊長類をマコナエボラウイルスから防御する

Single-dose attenuated Vesiculovax vaccines protect primates against Ebola Makona virus p.688

Two second-generation attenuated Ebola virus vaccines based on recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus protect macaques against infection with a recent Ebola virus isolate from Guinea.

doi: 10.1038/nature14428

がん:変異体MHCクラスIIエピトープはがんに対する治療免疫応答を誘導する

Mutant MHC class II epitopes drive therapeutic immune responses to cancer p.692

The authors show that a large fraction of tumour mutations is immunogenic and predominantly recognized by CD4+ T cells; they use these data to design synthetic messenger-RNA-based vaccines specific against tumour mutations, and show that these can reject tumours in mice.

doi: 10.1038/nature14426

がん:TP53の欠失が大腸がんで治療に対する脆弱性をもたらす

TP53 loss creates therapeutic vulnerability in colorectal cancer p.697

Genomic deletion of the tumour suppressor TP53 frequently includes other neighbouring genes, such as the POLR2A housekeeping gene that encodes a crucial RNA polymerase II subunit; suppression of POLR2A with α-amanitin or by RNA interference selectively inhibits the tumorigenic potential of cancer cells, and in mouse models of cancer, tumours can be selectively targeted with α-amanitin coupled to antibodies, suggesting new therapeutic approaches for human cancers.

doi: 10.1038/nature14418

免疫学:Toll様受容体9によるCpG-DNAおよび阻害的に働くDNAの認識に関する構造基盤

Structural basis of CpG and inhibitory DNA recognition by Toll-like receptor 9 p.702

Crystal structures of three forms of Toll-like receptor (TLR) 9 — unliganded or bound either to immune stimulatory CpG-containing DNA or inhibitory DNA — together reveal the molecular basis of TLR9 activation.

doi: 10.1038/nature14138

構造生物学:オクタヘムMccAは、ヘムc–亜硫酸銅レダクターゼである

The octahaem MccA is a haem c–copper sulfite reductase p.706

Sulfite-reducing microbes couple the reduction of sulfite to the generation of a proton motive force that sustains organismic growth; here, two X-ray crystal structures are solved of MccA, a c-type cytochrome enzyme with eight haem groups that catalyses the six-electron reduction of sulfite to sulfide at a novel haem–copper active site.

doi: 10.1038/nature14109

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