Volume 507 Number 7491

Editorials

米国の科学分野の資金状況は悪化しており、科学予算の「横ばい」という虚構にだまされてはならない。

Don’t hide the decline p.139

US scientists should not be placated by the ‘flat budget’ myth. Funds are decreasing, and the situation will get worse.

doi: 10.1038/507139a

生態学には普遍的理論はないが、それが生態学の魅力でもある。

An elegant chaos p.139

Universal theories are few and far between in ecology, but that is what makes it fascinating.

doi: 10.1038/507139b

科学界は、データ公開、共有の倫理を慎重に議論し、データ作成者の明記など、標準的指針を作る必要がある。

Share alike p.140

Research communities need to agree on standard etiquette for data-sharing.

doi: 10.1038/507140a

News

米オバマ政権の2015年度科学予算が、科学界の期待を裏切り、「横ばい」に。

Obama’s budget request falls flat p.147

Hopes dim for a science-funding increase in 2015.

doi: 10.1038/507147a

中国が、研究開発の構造改革を目指し、基礎研究予算を大幅に増加へ。

China goes back to basics on research funding p.148

Core science gets budget boost in a bid to change research culture and increase innovation.

doi: 10.1038/507148a

WHOが砂糖摂取量の抑制を呼びかける指針案をまとめたが、食品業界からの反発の予想も。

Storm brewing over WHO sugar proposal p.150

Industry backlash expected over suggested cut in intake.

doi: 10.1038/507150a

グローバル地震観測網(GSN)が、海洋にも観測範囲を拡大へ。

Global seismic network takes to the seas p.151

Two systems could plug the ocean-sized gap in earthquake detection.

doi: 10.1038/507151a

米バイオ燃料業界がセルロース系エタノールで巻き返しを図り、政府の支援に期待を。

Cellulosic ethanol fights for life p.152

Pioneering biofuel producers hope that US government largesse will ease their way into a tough market.

doi: 10.1038/507152a

News Features

エネルギー:光の「島」

Energy: Islands of light p.154

マイクログリッドが、電気のない生活を送っていたへき地に電気をもたらし始めている。

doi: 10.1038/507154a

生態学:オオカミ神話

Rethinking predators: Legend of the wolf p.158

捕食者の生態系への影響は絶大だと考えられているが、自然は必ずしもその原則に従うとはかぎらない。

doi: 10.1038/507158a

News & Views

進化生物学:セックスと嘘とチョウ

Evolutionary biology: Sex, lies and butterflies p.172

ある種のチョウの雌が複数の有毒種の色彩パターンを模倣して捕食を免れる仕組みが、進化上保存されてきた性的分化遺伝子であるdoublesexに生じた変異によって説明されることが分かった。

doi: 10.1038/nature13066

宇宙物理学:宇宙の重力レンズによって明らかにされた、自転するブラックホール

Astrophysics: Cosmic lens reveals spinning black hole p.173

遠方にあって質量が降着しつつある巨大ブラックホールから放出される光が、宇宙の重力レンズによって増幅され、さらに4つの成分に分割されたことで、ブラックホールの自転についての測定が可能になった。

doi: 10.1038/nature13209

地質学:地球深部に蓄えられている水

Geology: Earth's deep water reservoir p.174

高圧実験が行われた結果、地球上の全ての大洋を足し合わせたのに匹敵する大きさの水の貯蔵庫が地球マントル深部に存在することが予測された。この予測が、ダイヤモンドに包含された鉱物の微小な試料によって、今回確認された。

doi: 10.1038/507174a

神経変性疾患:グアニン四重鎖はリスクを4倍にする

Neurodegenerative diseases: G-quadruplex poses quadruple threat p.175

DNA反復配列の数の増大は神経変性疾患の原因になることが多い。C9orf72遺伝子中のそうした反復伸長の1つでは4本鎖からなる構造が形成されることが明らかになり、これが遺伝子の機能を4通りに変化させることが分かった。

doi: 10.1038/nature13067

神経科学:ショウジョウバエのラブソングに見られる秩序あるランダムさ

Neuroscience: Ordered randomness in fly love songs p.177

雄のショウジョウバエが発する求愛歌の複雑さと変化の大半が、感覚的経験を運動出力に結び付ける単純な規則によって説明できることが、念入りで系統立った分析によって明らかになった。

doi: 10.1038/nature13208

進化生物学:起こらなかった種分化

Evolutionary biology: Speciation undone p.178

雑種形成は2つの種を融合させて単一の集団にすることがある。新しい観察結果から、ガラパゴス島ではダーウィンフィンチの2つの種が現在交雑中であり、第三番目の種は同系交配によりすでに消滅したことが示唆された。

doi: 10.1038/507178b

Review

医用工学:生物医学研究にマイクロ流体技術が果たす現在および将来の役割

The present and future role of microfluidics in biomedical research p.181

Recent progress in the various lab-on-a-chip microtechnologies is reviewed and the clinical and research areas in which they have made the greatest impact are discussed.

doi: 10.1038/nature13118

Articles

細胞:肺の発生、再生およびがんにおける肺胞の前駆細胞と幹細胞

Alveolar progenitor and stem cells in lung development, renewal and cancer p.190

Lung alveoli are lined by two types of alveolar epithelial cells, squamous alveolar type (AT) 1 cells that mediate gas exchange and cuboidal AT2 cells that secrete surfactant to prevent alveolar collapse during breathing; here alveolar markers, genetic lineage tracing and clonal analysis are used in mice to identify alveolar progenitor and stem cells in vivo, and to map their locations and potential during lung development, maintenance and cancer.

doi: 10.1038/nature12930

医学:C9orf72ヌクレオチド反復構造は疾患の分子カスケードを開始させる

C9orf72 nucleotide repeat structures initiate molecular cascades of disease p.195

Structurally polymorphic C9orf72 hexanucleotide repeats cause an impairment in transcriptional processivity and lead to accumulation of truncated repeat-containing transcripts that bind to specific ribonucleoproteins, such as nucleolin, in a conformation-dependent manner resulting in nucleolar stress and C9orf72-linked pathology in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and frontotemporal dementia.

doi: 10.1038/nature13124

免疫:エピトープに着目したワクチン設計の原理証明

Proof of principle for epitope-focused vaccine design p.201

Computational protein design methods are used to generate new candidates for a human respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) vaccine; artificial protein scaffolds that mimic the structure of a RSV epitope are shown to induce RSV-specific neutralizing antibodies in macaques.

doi: 10.1038/nature12966

Letters

宇宙:赤方偏移 z = 0.658の位置にある重力レンズ効果を示すクエーサーにおける強い重力領域からの反射

Reflection from the strong gravity regime in a lensed quasar at redshift z = 0.658 p.207

Observations of a gravitationally lensed quasar at redshift 0.658 imply a high spin parameter, which indicates that this supermassive black hole grew by coherent accretion rather than in a chaotic manner.

doi: 10.1038/nature13031

化学:分子振動を用いて触媒反応の選択性を調べる

Interrogating selectivity in catalysis using molecular vibrations p.210

A set of parameters based on the response of a molecule’s properties to infrared vibrations can be used to model and predict selectivity trends for molecular reactions with interlinked steric and electronic effects at positions of interest

doi: 10.1038/nature13019

化学:アミンの配座誘起遠隔メタ位C–H活性化

Conformation-induced remote meta-C–H activation of amines p.215

In anilines and benzylic amines, a recyclable chemical template can direct the olefination and acetoxylation of meta-C–H bonds as far as 11 bonds away from a functional group; in particular, it is able to direct the meta-selective C–H functionalization of bicyclic heterocycles via a highly strained, tricyclic-cyclophane-like palladated intermediate.

doi: 10.1038/nature12963

地球:ダイヤモンドの中に含まれたリングウッダイトが示す水を含むマントル遷移層

Hydrous mantle transition zone indicated by ringwoodite included within diamond p.221

X-ray diffraction, Raman and infrared spectroscopic evidence for the inclusion of water-rich ringwoodite in diamond from Juína, Brazil, indicates that, at least locally, the Earth’s transition zone is hydrous to about 1 weight per cent.

doi: 10.1038/nature13080

遺伝学:7000年前の中石器時代のヨーロッパ人に存在した、免疫および先祖型の色素形成に関わる対立遺伝子

Derived immune and ancestral pigmentation alleles in a 7,000-year-old Mesolithic European p.225

A complete pre-agricultural European human genome from a ~7,000-year-old Mesolithic skeleton suggests the existence of a common genomic signature across western and central Eurasia from the Upper Paleolithic to the Mesolithic, and ancestral alleles in several skin pigmentation genes suggest that the light skin of modern Europeans was not yet ubiquitous in Mesolithic times.

doi: 10.1038/nature12960

遺伝学:doublesexは擬態の超遺伝子である

doublesex is a mimicry supergene p.229

The phenomenon of sex-limited mimicry is phylogenetically widespread in the swallowtail butterfly genus Papilio — now, a single gene, doublesex, is shown to control supergene mimicry, a finding that is in contrast to the long-held view that supergenes are likely to be controlled by a tightly linked cluster of loci.

doi: 10.1038/nature13112

神経科学:ショウジョウバエでは動的な感覚の手がかりが求愛歌の構造を変化させる

Dynamic sensory cues shape song structure in Drosophila p.233

Drosophila male courtship songs were thought to have a fixed structure with song repetition variations introduced unintentionally because of neural noise; this behavioural assay and computational modelling study instead reveals that males use fast changes in sensory information to actively pattern individual song sequences.

doi: 10.1038/nature13131

神経科学:室傍核からAgRPニューロンへの興奮性回路が空腹を駆動する

An excitatory paraventricular nucleus to AgRP neuron circuit that drives hunger p.238

The AgRP-expressing neurons in the arcuate nucleus drive food-seeking behaviours during caloric restriction; a mouse study of monosynaptic retrograde rabies spread and optogenetic circuit mapping reveals that these neurons are activated by input from hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus cells and their activation or inhibition can modulate feeding behaviour.

doi: 10.1038/nature12956

免疫:樹状細胞によるL-Myc発現は最適なT細胞プライミングに必要である

L-Myc expression by dendritic cells is required for optimal T-cell priming p.243

L-Myc, a paralogue of the proto-oncogene c-Myc, is shown to regulate dendritic cell homeostasis and functionality; unlike c-Myc, L-Myc is not repressed by interferons and its expression allows for optimal dendritic cell proliferation and T-cell priming in the presence of inflammation.

doi: 10.1038/nature12967

医学:マラリア原虫では転写スイッチが性的発達への運命拘束を引き起こす

A transcriptional switch underlies commitment to sexual development in malaria parasites p.248

The DNA-binding protein PfAP2-G is found to be a master regulator of sexual development in the malaria parasite; this protein appears to regulate early gametocytogenesis and is epigenetically silenced in the majority of blood-stage parasites.

doi: 10.1038/nature12920

医学:プラスモジウムの有性生殖への拘束と発生を引き起こす一連のDNA結合タンパク質

A cascade of DNA-binding proteins for sexual commitment and development in Plasmodium p.253

Malaria parasites must produce gametocytes for transmission to the mosquito vector, although the molecular mechanisms underlying commitment to gametocyte production remain unclear; here this process is found to be controlled by PbAP2-G, a member of the ApiAP2 family of DNA-binding proteins, in the rodent-infecting Plasmodium berghei parasite.

doi: 10.1038/nature12970

微生物学:原核細胞ArgonauteによるDNA誘導型DNA干渉

DNA-guided DNA interference by a prokaryotic Argonaute p.258

Here, Argonaute from the prokaryote Thermus thermopiles is shown to use small DNA guides to interfere directly with invading foreign DNA, rather than being involved in RNA-guided RNA interference, as observed in eukaryotes.

doi: 10.1038/nature12971

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