Volume 506 Number 7487

Editorials

事故や病気に比べ、自殺を防ぐための研究・対策ははるかに遅れており、もっと力を入れるべきだ。

Suicide watch p.131

Despite a high death toll, public-health efforts to combat suicide lag far behind those focused on preventing accidents and diseases such as cancer. A US initiative aims to redress the balance.

doi: 10.1038/506131a

統計学は、単に研究の質を高めるだけでなく、研究の進め方をも左右する、科学に必要不可欠な重要なものだ。

Number crunch p.131

The correct use of statistics is not just good for science — it is essential.

doi: 10.1038/506131b

米国のアイル・ロイヤルのオオカミの個体数減少への対策は、ヒトと自然の関わりと切り離しては考えられない。

Lone wolves p.132

A declining island wolf population underlines the influence that humans have on nature.

doi: 10.1038/506132a

News

英国が、生物・化学テロ攻撃対策として、除染などの初期対応の訓練を拡大へ。

UK rolls out terror-attack plan p.139

Front-line services being trained in new approach to dealing with decontamination of victims in direct aftermath of an event.

doi: 10.1038/506139a

隔離された島の同系交配オオカミ集団を守るため、生態学者たちから「遺伝的救済」を求める声が。

Iconic island study on its last legs p.140

Ecologists call for genetic rescue of Isle Royale’s inbred wolves.

doi: 10.1038/506140a

クローヴィス人のゲノム解読が、遺物の倫理的扱いをめぐる論争再燃のきっかけに。

Ancient genome stirs ethics debate p.142

Sequencing of DNA from Native American ‘Clovis boy’ forces researchers to rethink handling of tribal remains.

doi: 10.1038/506142a

米国立衛生研究所(NIH)は、厳しい規制を懸念しながらも、インドでの臨床試験を少しずつ再開へ。

NIH makes wary return to India p.143

Some clinical trials funded by US agency resume, but strict regulations have put off others.

doi: 10.1038/506143a

米国の非営利機関が、健常人の状態を詳細に調査するという大掛かりなプロジェクトを。

Medicine gets up close and personal p.144

Long-term study will monitor healthy people in detail — and encourage them to respond to the results.

doi: 10.1038/506144a

News Features

薬物療法:スマートドラッグのウソ・ホント

Medication: The smart-pill oversell p.146

ADHD(注意欠陥多動性障害)の治療で用いられている中枢神経刺激薬には長期的な効果がないことが、次第に明らかになってきている。

doi: 10.1038/506146a

科学的方法:統計的誤差

Scientific method: Statistical errors p.150

統計的な有意性の「究極の判断基準」とされるP値には、科学者が考えるほど信頼性はないらしい。

doi: 10.1038/506150a

News & Views

古代ゲノム学:アメリカ先住民の遺伝的ルーツ

Palaeogenomics: Genetic roots of the first Americans p.162

北米に広く分布した最古の文化と関連付けられるヒト個体の全ゲノム塩基配列が解読され、クローヴィス人の祖先はアジア系であること、また現代のアメリカ先住民と遺伝学的関係があることが確認された。

doi: 10.1038/506162a

宇宙論:水素イオン化のクールな始まり

Cosmology: Cool start to hydrogen ionization p.163

宇宙についてのシミュレーションのいくつかは、原始水素ガスが最初の星や銀河によってイオン化された際の温度の推定値に対して疑義を投げかけ、現行の観測結果の解釈をもっと複雑なものにしている。

doi: 10.1038/nature13051

リモートセンシング:緑の幻想

Remote sensing: A green illusion p.165

アマゾンでは乾期に林冠の緑色が濃くなるという人工衛星による観測結果はこれまで、太陽光が増加するのに対してアマゾンの森林が正の応答をしていると解釈されてきた。だが、実際にはこれは光学的に生じたアーティファクトだったのである。

doi: 10.1038/nature13052

物性物理学:攪拌された超流動体では履歴が問題

Condensed-matter physics: History matters for a stirred superfluid p.166

超流動体の攪拌に対する応答で経路依存性が観測されたことで、正確な回転感知へ応用できる可能性が高まった。これはまた、極低温原子気体の微視的理論に対する試験台ともなる。

doi: 10.1038/506166a

保全:海洋保護区をうまく機能させるには

Conservation: Making marine protected areas work p.167

海洋保護区の成功に影響する5つの要素、つまり保護区成立からの時間、面積、隔離度、保護と強制力のレベルを全球的に一斉に調査することで、自然が繁栄するのは、これら5つ全てが存在する場合だけであることが明らかになった。

doi: 10.1038/nature13053

海洋科学:生物地球化学に対する渦効果

Ocean science: Eddy effects on biogeochemistry p.168

海洋には半径が数十キロメートルにもなる渦があり、局所的生態系の輪郭を定め、生物地球化学的収支に関わっている。沿岸湧昇域中にある3つのこうした渦の性質が調べられ、このような「自然の驚異」の一端が明らかになった。

doi: 10.1038/nature13048

Review

宇宙:加熱される冷たい暗黒物質

Cold dark matter heats up p.171

In the ΛCDM paradigm, 95% of the Universe consists of dark energy and cold dark matter, but the low-density cores of dark matter measured at the centre of galaxies are hard to explain using this model; here a review of recent work shows that the action of stars and gas can significantly alter the distribution of cold dark matter through a coupling based on rapid gravitational potential fluctuations.

doi: 10.1038/nature12953

Articles

神経科学:統合失調症におけるde novo変異はシナプスネットワークに関与する

De novo mutations in schizophrenia implicate synaptic networks p.179

The authors report the largest family-trio exome sequencing study of schizophrenia to date; mutations are overrepresented in genes for glutamatergic synaptic proteins and also genes mutated in autism and intellectual disability, providing insights into aetiological mechanisms and pathopshyisology shared with other neurodevelopmental disorders.

doi: 10.1038/nature12929

神経科学:統合失調症におけるまれな破壊的変異の多遺伝子性負荷

A polygenic burden of rare disruptive mutations in schizophrenia p.185

Exome sequence analysis of more than 5,000 schizophrenia cases and controls identifies a polygenic burden primarily arising from rare, disruptive mutations distributed across many genes, among which are those encoding voltage-gated calcium ion channels and the signalling complex formed by the ARC protein of the postsynaptic density; as in autism, mutations were also found in homologues of known targets of the fragile X mental retardation protein.

doi: 10.1038/nature12975

創薬:δ-オピオイド受容体シグナル伝達の分子制御

Molecular control of δ-opioid receptor signalling p.191

The 1.8 Å high-resolution X-ray crystal structure of the human δ-opioid receptor is presented, with site-directed mutagenesis and functional studies revealing a crucial role for a sodium ion in mediating allosteric control in this receptor.

doi: 10.1038/nature12944

Letters

宇宙:宇宙再電離の後期に起きた宇宙全体の加熱を示す観測可能なシグナル

The observable signature of late heating of the Universe during cosmic reionization p.197

The hard spectra of X-ray binaries make them ineffective at heating primordial gas, which must have resulted in a delayed and spatially uniform heating during the epoch of reionization; this means that the signature of reionization in spectra of the 21-cm transition of atomic hydrogen will produce a more complex signal than has been predicted, including a distinct minimum at less than a millikelvin.

doi: 10.1038/nature12999

物理:量子化された超流動体「アトムトロニック」回路のヒステリシス

Hysteresis in a quantized superfluid ‘atomtronic’ circuit p.200

Hysteresis is observed between circulation states in an ‘atomtronic’ circuit formed from a ring of superfluid Bose–Einstein condensate obstructed by a rotating weak link (a region of low atomic density), and may prove as crucial in future atomtronic devices as it has done in electronic devices.

doi: 10.1038/nature12958

量子物理学:固体ハイブリッドスピンレジスタの量子エラー訂正

Quantum error correction in a solid-state hybrid spin register p.204

Error correction is central to fault-tolerant quantum computation, but although various schemes have been developed in theory, there are few experimental realizations; a quantum error correction process is now reported for a single system of electron and nuclear spins residing in a diamond crystal.

doi: 10.1038/nature12919

材料科学:2つの長さスケールを持つモザイク準結晶

Mosaic two-lengthscale quasicrystals p.208

The unusual structures of quasicrystals, such as the 18-fold symmetry observed in polymer micelles, lack the repeating cell pattern of conventional hard crystals; here their origin is shown to be an extension of Penrose tiling with a simple, generic interparticle interaction.

doi: 10.1038/nature12938

気候:熱帯の気温変動に対する炭素循環の感度の倍増

A two-fold increase of carbon cycle sensitivity to tropical temperature variations p.212

The long-term record of atmospheric carbon dioxide growth rate shows that the sensitivity of this growth rate to tropical temperature variability has increased by a factor of about two in the past five decades, and was greater when tropical land regions experienced drier conditions, implying that moisture regulates this sensitivity.

doi: 10.1038/nature12915

保全:全球的な海洋保全効果は、海洋保護区の5つの重要な特徴に左右される

Global conservation outcomes depend on marine protected areas with five key features p.216

Marine protected areas (MPAs) are an important and increasing component of marine conservation strategy, but their effectiveness is variable and debated; now a study has assembled data from a global sample of MPAs and demonstrates that effectiveness depends on five key properties: whether any fishing is allowed, enforcement levels, age, size and degree of isolation.

doi: 10.1038/nature13022

生態学:アマゾンの森林は一貫した林冠構造および緑色度を乾季にも維持している

Amazon forests maintain consistent canopy structure and greenness during the dry season p.221

Lidar and optical satellite observations of Amazon forests indicate consistent canopy structure and reflectance during the dry season, challenging the paradigm of light-limited tropical forest productivity.

doi: 10.1038/nature13006

古代ゲノム学:モンタナ州西部にあるクローヴィス人の墓地遺跡で発掘された更新世後期のヒトのゲノム

The genome of a Late Pleistocene human from a Clovis burial site in western Montana p.225

The first individual genome from the Clovis culture is presented; the origins and genetic legacy of the people who made Clovis tools have been under debate, and evidence here suggests that the individual is more closely related to all Native American populations than to any others, refuting the hypothesis that the Clovis people arrived via European (Solutrean) migration to the Americas.

doi: 10.1038/nature13025

神経科学:鼻内上皮増殖因子治療は新生児の脳損傷を救済する

Intranasal epidermal growth factor treatment rescues neonatal brain injury p.230

Diffuse white matter injury is common in very preterm infants; here, enhanced epidermal growth factor receptor signalling in oligodendrocyte precursor cells in a mouse model of such injury is shown to increase cellular and functional recovery.

doi: 10.1038/nature12880

細胞:C/EBPαはB細胞に誘導多能性幹細胞への迅速な再プログラム化の準備をさせる

C/EBPα poises B cells for rapid reprogramming into induced pluripotent stem cells p.235

A pulse of C/EBPα followed by overexpression of the transcription factors Oct4, Sox2, Klf4 and Myc leads to fast and very efficient reprogramming of B cell precursors to induced pluripotent stem cells; C/EBPα facilitates transient chromatin accessibility and accelerates expression of pluripotency genes through a mechanism that involves activation of the Tet2 enzyme.

doi: 10.1038/nature12885

がん:骨芽細胞でのβカテニンの活性化変異によって起こる白血病誘発

Leukaemogenesis induced by an activating β-catenin mutation in osteoblasts p.240

A mouse model shows that osteoblast activating β-catenin mutations alone are sufficient to initiate the development of acute myeloid leukaemia acting through increased Notch signalling.

doi: 10.1038/nature12883

免疫:RNAウイルスは脊椎動物のマイクロRNAを乗っ取って自然免疫を抑制する

RNA viruses can hijack vertebrate microRNAs to suppress innate immunity p.245

Here it is proposed that RNA viruses can adapt to use the antiviral properties of microRNAs to limit viral replication and suppress innate immunity in particular cell types, and this restriction can lead to exacerbation of disease severity.

doi: 10.1038/nature12869

生化学:DNA切断修復の際には、RecAバンドルが離れた姉妹染色体間の相同部分の対合を仲介する

RecA bundles mediate homology pairing between distant sisters during DNA break repair p.249

RecA bundles are shown to be important for the pairing of homologous loci that have segregated to opposite ends of the cell during DNA double-strand break repair in vivo in Escherichia coli.

doi: 10.1038/nature12868

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