Volume 504 Number 7480

Editorials

イタリアの保健大臣は、効果が疑われている幹細胞治療の臨床試験を、これ以上続けさせてはならない。

Stem-cell fiasco must be stopped p.331

In the public interest, the Italian health minister should resolve the ongoing uncertainty over a government trial of a controversial therapy.

doi: 10.1038/504331a

地球温暖化への影響を評価できるよう、土地利用の変化の監視方法を改善する必要がある。

Sink or swim? p.331

A rethink on monitoring land-use change is needed to estimate effects on global warming.

doi: 10.1038/504331b

本誌で人気の高いSF小説投稿欄Futuresでは、名作集の発行を記念して、200文字以内のSF小説を募集する。

Futures redux p.332

Can you tell a sci-fi tale in just 200 characters? Then the Nature Futures competition is for you.

doi: 10.1038/504332a

News

北極海への二酸化炭素貯蔵計画について、北極海の海底には割れ目が多く、漏出を招くとの懸念が。

Seabed scars raise questions over carbon-storage plan p.339

Unexpected fractures above the world’s biggest storage site could provide path for leaks.

doi: 10.1038/504339a

EUが底引き網漁の規制強化が見送られることになり、科学者からは脆弱な生態系が脅かされると、怒りの声が。

EU fishing vote foments anger p.341

Failure to impose a ban on deep-sea fishing jeopardizes the future of vulnerable ecosystems, say researchers.

doi: 10.1038/504341a

ロシアの放棄農地をめぐり、再耕作するか、二酸化炭素吸収地にすべきか、ジレンマが。

Quandary over Soviet croplands p.342

Researchers ponder whether Eastern Europe’s large areas of abandoned land should be replanted or left as a carbon sink.

doi: 10.1038/504342a

米国の生物医学研究への財団系の助成は増えているが、間接経費の捻出には苦労が。

Charitable grants found lacking p.343

Foundations increasingly fund biomedical research, but are reluctant to pay overhead costs.

doi: 10.1038/504343a

米政府機関閉鎖、危険なウイルス、巨大台風、隕石衝突など、暗いニュースも多かったが、宇宙探査や脳研究の推進、幹細胞治療、HIV治療の進歩など、明るい話題にも事欠かなかった。

365 days: 2013 in review p.344

From the US shutdown to breakthroughs in stem-cell therapies, the past 12 months have seen fluctuating fortunes for science.

doi: 10.1038/504344a

写真で見る2013年

365 days: Images of the year p.350

Clear brains, hydrogen bonds and gas expelled from galaxies are among the most striking images of 2013.

doi: 10.1038/504350a

Feature

この12か月、最も印象に残った10人とは、どんな顔ぶれだろうか。

365 days: Nature's 10 p.357

Ten people who mattered this year.

doi: 10.1038/504357a

News & Views

地球科学:寒冷化による浸食

Earth science: Erosion by cooling p.380

数千個の岩石試料の熱履歴の解析から、気候の寒冷化が地球表面における浸食を加速することが疑いの余地なく確証された。これには、氷河の寄与が特に大きいようである。

doi: 10.1038/504380a

がん:薬剤感受性における不一致

Cancer: Discrepancies in drug sensitivity p.381

がんの治療薬の探索を促進する目的で、非常に多くのがん細胞系列についてDNAおよびRNAレベル、そして薬理学的レベルでのプロファイリングが2つの研究によって行われた。だが、これら研究結果の比較から、こうした3種類の大規模データセットのうちの2種類が部分的にしか一致しないことが明らかになった。

doi: 10.1038/nature12839

宇宙物理学:磁気圏の高速車線

Space physics: A fast lane in the magnetosphere p.383

衛星観測とモデリングの組み合わせることで、コーラス波と呼ばれるプラズマ振動によって電子が散乱されていると考えれば、磁気圏での電子の加速を説明できると分かった。

doi: 10.1038/504383a

植物科学:魔法と破壊

Plant biology: Witchcraft and destruction p.384

ストリゴラクトンと呼ばれる「魔法」ホルモンによる破壊の標的となるタンパク質が見つかり、イネで苗条の構成が制御される仕組みが明らかになった。

doi: 10.1038/nature12843

本年度に掲載されたNews & Viewsの中から編集部が精選した8編。

2013 Editors' choice p.386

本年度に掲載されたNews & Viewsの中から編集部が精選した8編。

doi: 10.1038/504386a

Analysis

がん:大規模な薬理ゲノミクス研究における不一致

Inconsistency in large pharmacogenomic studies p.389

This Analysis compares two large-scale pharmacogenomic data sets that catalogued the sensitivity of a large number of cancer cell lines to approved and potential drugs, and finds that whereas the gene expression data are largely concordant between the two studies, the reported drug sensitivity measures and subsequently their association with genomic features are highly discordant.

doi: 10.1038/nature12831

Articles

神経科学:アストロサイトはMEGF10およびMERTK経路を介してシナプス除去を仲介する

Astrocytes mediate synapse elimination through MEGF10 and MERTK pathways p.394

This study describes comprehensive synaptic engulfment by astrocytes, mediating synapse elimination in an activity-dependent manner; this elimination process involves the MEGF10 and MERTK phagocytic pathways and persists into adulthood, with mutant mice that lack these pathways in astrocytes exhibiting a failure to refine retinogeniculate connections during development.

doi: 10.1038/nature12776

植物科学:DWARF 53はイネでストリゴラクトンシグナル伝達のリプレッサーとして働く

DWARF 53 acts as a repressor of strigolactone signalling in rice p.401

Strigolactones (SLs), key regulators of plant growth, are believed to mediate their responses through a proposed receptor (D14) that interacts with an F-box protein (D3) to form a D14–SCFD3 protein complex; here the perception of SLs by the D14–SCFD3 complex and the control of gene expression are linked by the finding that DWARF 53, a repressor protein of SL signalling, interacts with the D14–SCFD3 complex and is ubiquitinated and degraded in a SL-dependent manner.

doi: 10.1038/nature12870

植物科学:D14–SCFD3に依存したD53の分解がストリゴラクトンシグナル伝達を調節する

D14–SCFD3-dependent degradation of D53 regulates strigolactone signalling p.406

Strigolactones (SLs), key regulators of plant growth, are believed to mediate their responses through a proposed receptor (D14) that interacts with an F-box protein (D3) to form a D14–SCFD3 protein complex; here the perception of SLs by the D14–SCFD3 complex and the control of gene expression are linked by the finding that DWARF 53, a repressor protein of SL function, interacts with the D14–SCFD3 complex and is ubiquitinated and degraded in a SL-dependent manner.

doi: 10.1038/nature12878

Letters

宇宙:磁気圏コーラスによる相対論的な放射線帯電子の急速な局所的加速

Rapid local acceleration of relativistic radiation-belt electrons by magnetospheric chorus p.411

High-resolution measurements of electrons obtained by satellite during the geomagnetic storm of 9 October 2012 together with a data-driven global wave model are analysed to show that scattering by a magnetospheric electromagnetic emission, known as ‘chorus’, can explain the temporal evolution of the observed increase in relativistic electron flux.

doi: 10.1038/nature12889

量子情報科学:2個の量子ビットの最大限にもつれた定常状態の散逸的生成

Dissipative production of a maximally entangled steady state of two quantum bits p.415

Engineered dissipation is used to deterministically produce and stabilize entanglement between two trapped-ion quantum bits, independently of their initial states; the entanglement is stabilized even in the presence of experimental noise and decoherence.

doi: 10.1038/nature12801

量子情報科学:2個の超伝導量子ビット間で自律的に安定化した量子もつれ

Autonomously stabilized entanglement between two superconducting quantum bits p.419

An entangled Bell state of two superconducting quantum bits can be stabilized for an arbitrary time using an autonomous feedback scheme, that is, one that does not require a complicated external error-correcting feedback loop.

doi: 10.1038/nature12802

古気候学:寒冷化した気候における山地浸食の全球スケールでの加速

Worldwide acceleration of mountain erosion under a cooling climate p.423

To establish what effect the Late Cenozoic cooling climate shift might have had on global erosion, inverse modelling of thermochronometric ages is used to show that erosion rates are increased by cooling, especially in glaciated mountain ranges.

doi: 10.1038/nature12877

神経科学:後に自閉症と診断される2~6か月齢の乳児では、目への注目は存在するが、低下している

Attention to eyes is present but in decline in 2–6-month-old infants later diagnosed with autism p.427

A prospective longitudinal study identifies the earliest known indicator of social disability in human infancy: decline in attention to others’ eyes in infants who are later diagnosed with autism; the decline is evident already within the first 2 to 6 months of life, which reveals the early unfolding of the disorder but also offers a promising opportunity for the future of early intervention.

doi: 10.1038/nature12715

医学:一酸化窒素シグナル伝達の機能不全は心筋梗塞リスクを増大させる

Dysfunctional nitric oxide signalling increases risk of myocardial infarction p.432

Two private, heterozygous mutations in two functionally related genes, GUCY1A3 and CCT7, are identified in an extended family with myocardial infarction; these genes encode proteins that work together to inhibit platelet activation after nitric oxide stimulation, suggesting a link between impaired nitric oxide signalling and myocardial infarction risk.

doi: 10.1038/nature12722

医学:グルコキナーゼ調節タンパク質複合体を破壊する低分子化合物の抗糖尿病作用

Antidiabetic effects of glucokinase regulatory protein small-molecule disruptors p.437

Two small-molecule disruptors of the glucokinase–glucokinase-regulatory-protein complex, AMG-1694 and AMG-3969, are identified that decrease blood glucose levels in various models of hyperglycaemic rodents.

doi: 10.1038/nature12724

免疫:ThemisはT細胞分化・成熟における正および負の選択のシグナル閾値を設定する

Themis sets the signal threshold for positive and negative selection in T-cell development p.441

This work shows that the Themis protein has a critical role in positive and negative thymocyte selection by dampening responses to low-affinity ligands but without affecting responses to high-affinity ligands, thus enabling positive selection of weakly self-reactive thymocytes.

doi: 10.1038/nature12718

免疫:共生細菌由来の酪酸は大腸の制御性T細胞の分化を誘導する

Commensal microbe-derived butyrate induces the differentiation of colonic regulatory T cells p.446

The gut microbial metabolite butyrate is shown to induce the differentiation of colonic T regulatory cells in mice and to ameliorate the development of colitis; it also increases histone H3 acetylation at the Foxp3 promoter.

doi: 10.1038/nature12721

免疫:共生細菌の代謝産物は末梢での制御性T細胞の発生を促進する

Metabolites produced by commensal bacteria promote peripheral regulatory T-cell generation p.451

In mice, provision of butyrate—a short-chain fatty acid produced by commensal microorganisms during starch fermentation—facilitates extrathymic generation and differentiation of Foxp3+ regulatory T cells, demonstrating that metabolic by-products are sensed by cells of the immune system and affect the balance between pro- and anti-inflammatory cells.

doi: 10.1038/nature12726

発生生物学:内臓逆位遺伝子GALNT11はNotchをグリコシル化して繊毛型と側性を調整する

The heterotaxy gene GALNT11 glycosylates Notch to orchestrate cilia type and laterality p.456

The O-glycosylation enzyme Galnt11 has an important role in heterotaxy, a disorder of left–right body patterning or laterality: Galnt11 modulates Notch signalling which alters cilia types at the embryonic left–right organizer, therefore determining laterality.

doi: 10.1038/nature12723

エピジェネティクス:ゲノムインプリンティングの消去におけるTet1の役割

Role of Tet1 in erasure of genomic imprinting p.460

This study establishes an important role for the enzyme Tet1 in erasing genomic imprinting in vivo — mice with a knockout of paternal Tet1 give rise to progeny with imprinting defects and associated growth and development defects, which leads to early embryonic lethality; furthermore, analysis of the DNA methylation dynamics in reprogramming primordial germ cells (PGCs) suggests that Tet1 is required at a late stage of the reprogramming process, in the second wave of DNA demethylation in PGCs.

doi: 10.1038/nature12805

構造生物学:高分解能のXist結合マップで明らかになったX染色体不活性化における二段階のXist拡散

High-resolution Xist binding maps reveal two-step spreading during X-chromosome inactivation p.465

During mammalian X-chromosome inactivation, the Xist long noncoding RNA coats the future inactive X chromosome and recruits polycomb repressive complex 2 to a nucleation site, but how Xist spreads silencing across the entire X chromosome is unclear; here high-resolution maps of Xist binding sites across the X chromosome are generated and show that Xist does not spread across the inactive X chromosome uniformly but in two steps, initially targeting gene-rich islands before later spreading to intervening gene-poor domains.

doi: 10.1038/nature12719

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