Volume 502 Number 7473

Editorials

モントリオール議定書にハイドロフルオロカーボンを組み込めるかどうかは、気候変動問題に対する国際社会の責任感を試す試金石だ。

All together now p.593

Online discussion is an essential aspect of the post-publication review of findings.

doi: 10.1038/502593a

「発表された論文に対するピアレビュー」は科学に役立つ重要な仕組みになる可能性があり、科学者はオンラインでのコメントに積極的に参加して欲しい。

Time to talk p.593

Proposals to bring hydrofluorocarbons under the auspices of the Montreal Protocol provide a simple test of the international community’s commitment to tackling climate change.

doi: 10.1038/502593b

英国の人気SFテレビ番組「Doctor Who」が50周年を迎え、科学の法則に反していても、ストーリーや工夫で科学がドラマになる可能性を示している。

Playful paradoxes p.594

A half-century of Doctor Who has shown the dramatic possibilities of science in the arts.

doi: 10.1038/502594a

News

監視の緩んだヨーロッパに、再びポリオまん延の恐れが。

Polio risk looms over Europe p.601

Cases in Syria highlight vulnerability of nearby countries to the viral disease.

doi: 10.1038/502601a

米国の起業家が、数学的才能のカギとなる遺伝子を探すプロジェクトを。

Root of maths genius sought p.602

Entrepreneur’s ‘Project Einstein’ taps 400 top academics for their DNA.

doi: 10.1038/502602a

ブラックホールの最終的な運命をめぐり、収縮するが消滅はしないという新たな理論が。

Black holes shrink but endure p.603

Theorist’s idea takes on information-preservation problem.

doi: 10.1038/502603a

アフリカで、稲妻を利用する低コストの暴風雨予報システムの試験的運用が。

Lightning network tested out in Guinea p.604

Project to forecast African storms provides cheap alternative to radar-based weather services.

doi: 10.1038/502604a

地球外生命体探査の関心の対象が、再び矮星へ。

Astronomers revisit dwarf stars’ promise p.606

Kepler data spur searches for habitable planets around small, low-temperature stars.

doi: 10.1038/502606a

土壌解析システムの開発で、アフリカ農業の肥料利用状況に改善の期待が。

Farmers dig into soil quality p.607

Analytical technique promises to match fertilizers to soil in bid to boost yields in Africa.

doi: 10.1038/502607a

Features

天文学:南天の星

Astronomy: Southern star p.608

Can the Southern African Large Telescope live up to its potential?

doi: 10.1038/502608a

生態学:湖上の麗人

Ecology: Lady of the lakes p.612

Diane Orihel set her PhD aside to lead a massive protest when Canada tried to shut down its unique Experimental Lakes Area.

doi: 10.1038/502612a

News & Views

生態学:乾燥地域で炭素、窒素、リンの関係を切り離す要因

Ecology: Drivers of decoupling in drylands p.628

乾燥地帯では、乾燥が強まるにつれて土壌中の炭素、窒素とリンのバランスが変化しているという研究結果から、全球的な気候変動が土壌の肥沃性と生態系サービスにどのように影響を及ぼすのかについての手がかりが得られる。

doi: 10.1038/502628a

構造生物学:転写機械についての重要な発見

Structural biology: Pivotal findings for a transcription machine p.629

完全なRNAポリメラーゼI複合体の結晶構造が、今回明らかにされた。この構造が、RNAポリメラーゼI上のDNAが結合するのに使われる裂け目の開閉と転写制御とを結びつけている。

doi: 10.1038/nature12700

量子物理学:フェルミの海から飛び出す単一電子

Quantum physics: Single electrons pop out of the Fermi sea p.630

電子伝導体中の1つ1つの電子の制御が可能になれば、新規な量子技術につながる道が開かれるだろう。ナノスケールの電極中の電子の海から単一の電子を引き出すことが今回可能になった。

doi: 10.1038/nature12699

生物物理:障壁を通る難儀な経路

Biophysics: Rough passage across a barrier p.632

溶液中での化学反応の動態はクラマースの理論によって記述されるが、それに関わるパラメーターは直接測定されたことがなかった。タンパク質の折りたたみについての研究によって、この問題をどのようにしたら克服できるかが示された。

doi: 10.1038/nature12697

水質管理:排水に関するデータのギャップ

Water management: The data gap p.633

包括的な調査によって、排水の産生、処理および使用に関するデータの全球的な不足が明らかになった。この状況が改善されれば、政府が排水というこの貴重な資源の管理に対する法律を制定するのに役立つだろう。

doi: 10.1038/502633a

海洋生物学:動物であるサンゴはストレスに硫黄で立ち向かう

Marine biology: Coral animals combat stress with sulphur p.634

サンゴに共生して光合成を行う藻類は、海洋の水温調節に関わる硫黄化合物を産生している。研究の展開過程で、動物であるサンゴが同じ化合物を産生していることが明らかになった。

doi: 10.1038/nature12698

Articles

細胞:細動脈ニッチは造血幹細胞の休止状態を維持する

Arteriolar niches maintain haematopoietic stem cell quiescence p.637

Immunofluorescence imaging and computational modelling are used to study the spatial distribution of different cell types within the haematopoietic stem cell (HSC) niche; findings show that quiescent HSCs associate specifically with small arterioles that are preferentially found in the endosteal bone marrow and are essential in maintaining this quiescence.

doi: 10.1038/nature12612

構造生物学:14のサブユニットからなるRNAポリメラーゼIの結晶構造

Crystal structure of the 14-subunit RNA polymerase I p.644

RNA polymerase (Pol) I transcribes ribosomal RNA that is critically required for ribosome assembly, and the enzyme is a major determinant of protein biosynthesis and cell growth; here the crystal structure of the complete 14-subunit Pol I from yeast is determined, providing insights into its unique architecture and the possible functional roles of its components.

doi: 10.1038/nature12636

構造生物学:RNAポリメラーゼIの構造と転写調節

RNA polymerase I structure and transcription regulation p.650

The crystal structure of the complete 14-subunit RNA polymerase (Pol) I from yeast is determined, providing insights into its unique architecture and the possible functional roles of its components.

doi: 10.1038/nature12712

Letters

宇宙:ペルセウス座銀河団の銀河間物質における均一な金属分布

A uniform metal distribution in the intergalactic medium of the Perseus cluster of galaxies p.656

A uniform iron abundance in the intracluster gas of the Perseus cluster suggests that the metal enrichment of the intergalactic medium occurred before the cluster formed, probably more than ten billion years ago, rather than after the cluster formed.

doi: 10.1038/nature12646

量子物理学:レビトンを用いた電子量子光学のための最小励起状態

Minimal-excitation states for electron quantum optics using levitons p.659

Minimal-excitation fermionic quasiparticles are created by applying a potential with Lorentzian time dependence to the contact of a narrow constriction in a two-dimensional electron gas.

doi: 10.1038/nature12713

物理:単一電子とボース・アインシュタイン凝縮体を結合させる

Coupling a single electron to a Bose–Einstein condensate p.664

A single electron in a defined orbital is found to interact with a quantum many-body system through electron–phonon coupling.

doi: 10.1038/nature12592

気候:ミシシッピ川流域に記録された薄いローレンタイド氷床南部の緩やかな消滅

Gradual demise of a thin southern Laurentide ice sheet recorded by Mississippi drainage p.668

Four reconstructions of North American ice-sheet history are tested using oxygen isotope records from the Gulf of Mexico in a water-mixing model; the one based on ice physics is the best match to the isotopic data and to the observed Last Glacial Maximum fall in sea level due to melting of the Laurentide ice sheet.

doi: 10.1038/nature12609

地球:世界の乾燥地域の乾燥度の関数としての土壌栄養素循環の分離

Decoupling of soil nutrient cycles as a function of aridity in global drylands p.672

Soil samples collected from 224 dryland sites around the world show that aridity affects the concentration of organic carbon and total nitrogen differently from the concentration of inorganic phosphorus, suggesting that any predicted increase in aridity with climate change could uncouple the carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus cycles in drylands and negatively affect the services provided by these ecosystems.

doi: 10.1038/nature12670

生態:サンゴ動物個体によるDMSP生合成と、それがサンゴの熱ストレス応答に果たす役割

DMSP biosynthesis by an animal and its role in coral thermal stress response p.677

Until now, dimethylsulphoniopropionate (DMSP), an important component in the sulphur cycle, has been thought to be produced solely by algae and some plants; however, this study shows that the coral animal also produces DMSP, in addition to that produced by the coral’s algal symbiont, with potential implications for the sulphur cycle and its climatic consequences as corals and their symbionts are affected by global change.

doi: 10.1038/nature12677

生化学:マグネトクロムが介在する磁鉄鉱生体鉱物化作用の構造的手がかり

Structural insight into magnetochrome-mediated magnetite biomineralization p.681

The magnetosome-associated protein mamP is an iron oxidase that reveals a unique arrangement of a self-plugged PDZ domain fused to two magnetochrome domains, defining a new class of c-type cytochrome exclusively found in magnetotactic bacteria.

doi: 10.1038/nature12573

生物物理:単一分子の蛍光を使って障壁通過の動態を調べる

Single-molecule fluorescence probes dynamics of barrier crossing p.685

Here the Kramers diffusion coefficient and free-energy barrier are characterized for the first time through single-molecule fluorescence measurements of the temperature- and viscosity-dependence of the transition path time for protein folding.

doi: 10.1038/nature12649

植物:シロイヌナズナの概日時計の光合成による同調

Photosynthetic entrainment of the Arabidopsis thaliana circadian clock p.689

In Arabidopsis thaliana, the rhythm of sugar production by photosynthesis sets the timing of the circadian clock, by regulating the expression of circadian clock genes.

doi: 10.1038/nature12603

代謝工学:人工的な非酸化的解糖は炭素の完全な保存を可能にする

Synthetic non-oxidative glycolysis enables complete carbon conservation p.693

A non-oxidative, cyclic pathway—termed non-oxidative glycolysis—is designed and constructed that enables complete carbon conservation in sugar catabolism to acetyl-coenzyme A, and can be used to achieve a 100% carbon yield to fuels and chemicals.

doi: 10.1038/nature12575

生化学:構造とゲノムの文脈を用いることによる新規な酵素と代謝経路の発見

Discovery of new enzymes and metabolic pathways by using structure and genome context p.698

Pathway docking (in silico docking of metabolites to several enzymes and binding proteins in a metabolic pathway) enables the discovery of a catabolic pathway for the osmolyte trans-4-hydroxy-l-proline betaine.

doi: 10.1038/nature12576

分子生物学:減数分裂時の染色体構造は乗換え部位の指定を制約するとともにそれに反応する

Meiotic chromosome structures constrain and respond to designation of crossover sites p.703

Meiotic crossover regulation is proposed to operate as a self-limiting system in which meiotic chromosome structures create an environment that promotes crossovers, which in turn modify chromosome structures to inhibit crossover formation at additional neighbouring sites.

doi: 10.1038/nature12577

構造生物学:海洋性シアノバクテリア内部でのウイルス粒子組み立て中間体の画像化

Visualizing virus assembly intermediates inside marine cyanobacteria p.707

This study reports the first application of Zernike phase contrast (ZPC) electron cryo-tomography to examine cellular processes without the need for labelling or sectioning; the technique is used to visualize the maturation of the cyanophage Syn5 inside its host cell, identifying subcellular compartments and five distinct Syn5 assembly intermediates.

doi: 10.1038/nature12604

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