Volume 557 Issue 7705

Editorials

p.279

The steady and careful development that has guided treatments using embryonic stem cells should be applied to therapies derived from adult stem cells, too.

doi: 10.1038/d41586-018-05160-7

p.279

Universities should take responsibility to ensure professional science is performed in an environment that is supportive, productive and rigorous.

doi: 10.1038/d41586-018-05159-0

p.280

Industrial partnership and new anode technology could provide a greener way to make the metal — but cleaner electricity sources are also needed.

doi: 10.1038/d41586-018-05158-1

News

p.287

International research collaborations could end in wake of US president Donald Trump's decision.

doi: 10.1038/d41586-018-05123-y

p.288

Yoshinori Watanabe hopes to revive his career by attending a year-long retraining programme.

doi: 10.1038/d41586-018-05139-4

p.290

Scientists welcome relative windfall after years of stagnating funds.

doi: 10.1038/d41586-018-05119-8

p.290

The growing trend of dam removals calls for monitoring of environmental effects — both good and bad.

doi: 10.1038/d41586-018-05182-1

p.291

Gene collections and astronomy studies dominate the list of the most-cited publications with DOIs on the popular online encyclopaedia.

doi: 10.1038/d41586-018-05161-6

News Features

p.293

A special issue on how to make lab groups productive, rigorous and happy.

doi: 10.1038/d41586-018-05142-9

p.294

A Nature survey of 3,200 scientists reveals the tensions bubbling in research groups around the world.

doi: 10.1038/d41586-018-05143-8

News & Views

p.312

Little is known about the star-birth activity of the earliest galaxies. Observations of a particularly distant galaxy provide evidence for such activity when the Universe was just 2% of its current age.

doi: 10.1038/d41586-018-05114-z

p.313

An artificial-intelligence technique called deep learning has now been used to model spatial navigation. The system develops a representation of space similar to that of the grid cells found in the mammalian brain.

doi: 10.1038/d41586-018-04992-7

p.314

Computer simulations show that areas of the ocean that have low levels of dissolved oxygen will expand, but then shrink, in response to global warming — adding to an emerging picture of the finely balanced processes involved.

doi: 10.1038/d41586-018-05034-y

p.316

Seventy-six pairs of transcription factors can induce mouse connective-tissue cells to adopt a neuron-like identity in vitro. This discovery provides insights into both neuronal development and cell reprogramming.

doi: 10.1038/d41586-018-04978-5

p.317

Chlorofluorocarbons are the main class of chemical that depleted the ozone layer in the stratosphere. Measurements reveal that emissions of these compounds are rising again, despite international rules restricting their use.

doi: 10.1038/d41586-018-05110-3

p.318

Computational and biochemical studies have revealed the mechanisms by which arrestin proteins are activated by G-protein-coupled receptors — potentially opening up broad avenues for drug discovery.

doi: 10.1038/d41586-018-04977-6

Articles

p.369

Sequences of 137 ancient and 502 modern human genomes illuminate the population history of the Eurasian steppes after the Bronze Age and document the replacement of Indo-European speakers of West Eurasian ancestry by Turkic-speaking groups of East Asian ancestry.

doi: 10.1038/s41586-018-0094-2

p.375

A screen in which combinatorial pairs of transcription factors are exogenously expressed in fibroblasts identifies different combinations that reprogram these cells into induced neuronal cells with diverse functional properties.

doi: 10.1038/s41586-018-0103-5

p.381

Transient engagement of the G protein-coupled receptor core can act as a catalyst to activate cellular β-arrestin function after dissociation from the receptor.

doi: 10.1038/s41586-018-0079-1

p.387

Reconstitution of a functional intraflagellar transport complex in Caenorhabditis elegans provides insight into the recruitment and activation of the kinesin-2 motor protein.

doi: 10.1038/s41586-018-0105-3

Letters

p.392

Observation of the emission line of doubly ionized oxygen at a redshift of 9.1096 reveals that star formation began at a redshift of about 15, around 250 million years after the Big Bang.

doi: 10.1038/s41586-018-0117-z

p.396

Measurements of the quark pressure distribution in the proton reveal a strong repulsive pressure near the proton’s centre (stronger than the pressure in neutron stars) and a binding pressure at greater distances.

doi: 10.1038/s41586-018-0060-z

p.400

Twin optical fields enable a form of quantum key distribution that can exceed the secret-key capacity without using quantum repeaters and that has security independent of the measuring devices.

doi: 10.1038/s41586-018-0066-6

p.404

For appropriately aligned layers of different two-dimensional materials, the separation between layers—and hence the interlayer coupling—is very sensitive to pressure, leading to pressure-induced changes in the electronic properties of the heterostructures.

doi: 10.1038/s41586-018-0107-1

p.409

Electrode films prepared from a liquid-crystal phase of vertically aligned two-dimensional titanium carbide show electrochemical energy storage that is nearly independent of film thickness.

doi: 10.1038/s41586-018-0109-z

p.413

Atmospheric CFC-11 concentrations have been declining less rapidly since 2012; evidence suggests that this finding is explained by an increase in the emission of CFC-11during these years.

doi: 10.1038/s41586-018-0106-2

p.418

Phylogenies reconstructed using 12 hepatitis B virus genomes, which were recovered from ancient human genome data, reveal a complex history of hepatitis B evolution that is not evident when using only modern samples.

doi: 10.1038/s41586-018-0097-z

p.424

The genome sequence of Triticum urartu, the progenitor of the A subgenome of hexaploid wheat, provides insight into genome duplication during grass evolution.

doi: 10.1038/s41586-018-0108-0

p.429

Grid-like representations emerge spontaneously within a neural network trained to self-localize, enabling the agent to take shortcuts to destinations using vector-based navigation.

doi: 10.1038/s41586-018-0102-6

p.434

Finely tuned control of strain engraftment and abundance in the mouse gut microbiota was achieved using the marine polysaccharide porphyran, which could exclusively be used by an introduced subset of wild-type or genetically modified Bacteroides strains.

doi: 10.1038/s41586-018-0092-4

p.439

A new model of cardiac trabeculation in mice is presented in which NOTCH1 and NRG1 have opposing roles in extracellular matrix degradation and synthesis that are essential for defining trabecular architecture.

doi: 10.1038/s41586-018-0110-6

p.446

The Cdc48 adaptor Vms1 is a peptidyl-tRNA hydrolase that cooperates with the ribosome quality control complex to catalyse the removal of nascent polypeptides from stalled ribosomes.

doi: 10.1038/s41586-018-0022-5

p.452

Molecular dynamics simulations and site-directed fluorescence spectroscopy show that the transmembrane core and cytoplasmic tail of G-protein-coupled receptors independently and cooperatively activate arrestin.

doi: 10.1038/s41586-018-0077-3