A slow road for stem cells p.279
The steady and careful development that has guided treatments using embryonic stem cells should be applied to therapies derived from adult stem cells, too.doi: 10.1038/d41586-018-05160-7
Volume 557 Issue 7705
리서치 하이라이트
표지 기사： 우수한 연구환경 및 연구 성과를 가진 연구실 만들기
고대 인류 지놈 분석을 통해서 확인된 청동기 시대 유라시아 지역의 B형 간염 바이러스 감염 실태
신경 세포의 특성을 유도하는 다양한 전사체를 통한 재프로그램화
GPCR에 의한 베타 어레스틴의 촉매 활성화 메커니즘
빅뱅 이후 2억 5천만년 전에 형성되었던 최초의 별 생성
오존을 파괴하는 CFC-11의 예상하지 못했던 지속적인 방출
추가 영양분을 통한 독립적인 대사 니치를 통해 가능한 새로운 장내 세균의 정착
Notch1 및 NRG1을 통한 심장 내 섬유주 형성
컨텐츠
Editorials
Research institutions must put the health of labs first p.279
Universities should take responsibility to ensure professional science is performed in an environment that is supportive, productive and rigorous.doi: 10.1038/d41586-018-05159-0
Aluminium producers promise a cleaner smelting pot p.280
Industrial partnership and new anode technology could provide a greener way to make the metal — but cleaner electricity sources are also needed.doi: 10.1038/d41586-018-05158-1
News
How science will suffer as US pulls out of Iran nuclear deal p.287
International research collaborations could end in wake of US president Donald Trump's decision.doi: 10.1038/d41586-018-05123-y
Sacked Japanese biologist gets chance to retrain at Crick institute p.288
Yoshinori Watanabe hopes to revive his career by attending a year-long retraining programme.doi: 10.1038/d41586-018-05139-4
Australian budget delivers for science facilities and medical research p.290
Scientists welcome relative windfall after years of stagnating funds.doi: 10.1038/d41586-018-05119-8
Europe is demolishing its dams to restore ecosystems p.290
The growing trend of dam removals calls for monitoring of environmental effects — both good and bad.doi: 10.1038/d41586-018-05182-1
Wikipedia’s top-cited scholarly articles — revealed p.291
Gene collections and astronomy studies dominate the list of the most-cited publications with DOIs on the popular online encyclopaedia.doi: 10.1038/d41586-018-05161-6
News Features
How to grow a healthy lab p.293
A special issue on how to make lab groups productive, rigorous and happy.doi: 10.1038/d41586-018-05142-9
Some hard numbers on science’s leadership problems p.294
A Nature survey of 3,200 scientists reveals the tensions bubbling in research groups around the world.doi: 10.1038/d41586-018-05143-8
News & Views
Distant galaxy formed stars only 250 million years after the Big Bang p.312
Little is known about the star-birth activity of the earliest galaxies. Observations of a particularly distant galaxy provide evidence for such activity when the Universe was just 2% of its current age.doi: 10.1038/d41586-018-05114-z
AI mimics brain codes for navigation p.313
An artificial-intelligence technique called deep learning has now been used to model spatial navigation. The system develops a representation of space similar to that of the grid cells found in the mammalian brain.doi: 10.1038/d41586-018-04992-7
Will ocean zones with low oxygen levels expand or shrink? p.314
Computer simulations show that areas of the ocean that have low levels of dissolved oxygen will expand, but then shrink, in response to global warming — adding to an emerging picture of the finely balanced processes involved.doi: 10.1038/d41586-018-05034-y
More than one way to induce a neuron p.316
Seventy-six pairs of transcription factors can induce mouse connective-tissue cells to adopt a neuron-like identity in vitro. This discovery provides insights into both neuronal development and cell reprogramming.doi: 10.1038/d41586-018-04978-5
Evidence of illegal emissions of ozone-depleting chemicals p.317
Chlorofluorocarbons are the main class of chemical that depleted the ozone layer in the stratosphere. Measurements reveal that emissions of these compounds are rising again, despite international rules restricting their use.doi: 10.1038/d41586-018-05110-3
Activation mechanisms for a universal signalling protein p.318
Computational and biochemical studies have revealed the mechanisms by which arrestin proteins are activated by G-protein-coupled receptors — potentially opening up broad avenues for drug discovery.doi: 10.1038/d41586-018-04977-6
Articles
137 ancient human genomes from across the Eurasian steppes p.369
Sequences of 137 ancient and 502 modern human genomes illuminate the population history of the Eurasian steppes after the Bronze Age and document the replacement of Indo-European speakers of West Eurasian ancestry by Turkic-speaking groups of East Asian ancestry.doi: 10.1038/s41586-018-0094-2
Diverse reprogramming codes for neuronal identity p.375
A screen in which combinatorial pairs of transcription factors are exogenously expressed in fibroblasts identifies different combinations that reprogram these cells into induced neuronal cells with diverse functional properties.doi: 10.1038/s41586-018-0103-5
Catalytic activation of β-arrestin by GPCRs p.381
Transient engagement of the G protein-coupled receptor core can act as a catalyst to activate cellular β-arrestin function after dissociation from the receptor.doi: 10.1038/s41586-018-0079-1
Reconstitution reveals motor activation for intraflagellar transport p.387
Reconstitution of a functional intraflagellar transport complex in Caenorhabditis elegans provides insight into the recruitment and activation of the kinesin-2 motor protein.doi: 10.1038/s41586-018-0105-3
Letters
The onset of star formation 250 million years after the Big Bang p.392
Observation of the emission line of doubly ionized oxygen at a redshift of 9.1096 reveals that star formation began at a redshift of about 15, around 250 million years after the Big Bang.doi: 10.1038/s41586-018-0117-z
The pressure distribution inside the proton p.396
Measurements of the quark pressure distribution in the proton reveal a strong repulsive pressure near the proton’s centre (stronger than the pressure in neutron stars) and a binding pressure at greater distances.doi: 10.1038/s41586-018-0060-z
Overcoming the rate–distance limit of quantum key distribution without quantum repeaters p.400
Twin optical fields enable a form of quantum key distribution that can exceed the secret-key capacity without using quantum repeaters and that has security independent of the measuring devices.doi: 10.1038/s41586-018-0066-6
Dynamic band-structure tuning of graphene moiré superlattices with pressure p.404
For appropriately aligned layers of different two-dimensional materials, the separation between layers—and hence the interlayer coupling—is very sensitive to pressure, leading to pressure-induced changes in the electronic properties of the heterostructures.doi: 10.1038/s41586-018-0107-1
Thickness-independent capacitance of vertically aligned liquid-crystalline MXenes p.409
Electrode films prepared from a liquid-crystal phase of vertically aligned two-dimensional titanium carbide show electrochemical energy storage that is nearly independent of film thickness.doi: 10.1038/s41586-018-0109-z
An unexpected and persistent increase in global emissions of ozone-depleting CFC-11 p.413
Atmospheric CFC-11 concentrations have been declining less rapidly since 2012; evidence suggests that this finding is explained by an increase in the emission of CFC-11during these years.doi: 10.1038/s41586-018-0106-2
Ancient hepatitis B viruses from the Bronze Age to the Medieval period p.418
Phylogenies reconstructed using 12 hepatitis B virus genomes, which were recovered from ancient human genome data, reveal a complex history of hepatitis B evolution that is not evident when using only modern samples.doi: 10.1038/s41586-018-0097-z
Genome sequence of the progenitor of wheat A subgenome Triticum urartu OPEN
p.424
The genome sequence of Triticum urartu, the progenitor of the A subgenome of hexaploid wheat, provides insight into genome duplication during grass evolution.
doi: 10.1038/s41586-018-0108-0
Vector-based navigation using grid-like representations in artificial agents p.429
Grid-like representations emerge spontaneously within a neural network trained to self-localize, enabling the agent to take shortcuts to destinations using vector-based navigation.doi: 10.1038/s41586-018-0102-6
An exclusive metabolic niche enables strain engraftment in the gut microbiota p.434
Finely tuned control of strain engraftment and abundance in the mouse gut microbiota was achieved using the marine polysaccharide porphyran, which could exclusively be used by an introduced subset of wild-type or genetically modified Bacteroides strains.doi: 10.1038/s41586-018-0092-4
Control of cardiac jelly dynamics by NOTCH1 and NRG1 defines the building plan for trabeculation p.439
A new model of cardiac trabeculation in mice is presented in which NOTCH1 and NRG1 have opposing roles in extracellular matrix degradation and synthesis that are essential for defining trabecular architecture.doi: 10.1038/s41586-018-0110-6
Vms1 and ANKZF1 peptidyl-tRNA hydrolases release nascent chains from stalled ribosomes p.446
The Cdc48 adaptor Vms1 is a peptidyl-tRNA hydrolase that cooperates with the ribosome quality control complex to catalyse the removal of nascent polypeptides from stalled ribosomes.doi: 10.1038/s41586-018-0022-5
Molecular mechanism of GPCR-mediated arrestin activation p.452
Molecular dynamics simulations and site-directed fluorescence spectroscopy show that the transmembrane core and cytoplasmic tail of G-protein-coupled receptors independently and cooperatively activate arrestin.doi: 10.1038/s41586-018-0077-3
