Research health needs a dedicated group p.413
A US Research Integrity Advisory Board is long overdue. Such a leadership body would mitigate bad practices and strengthen good research.doi: 10.1038/d41586-017-07330-5
Volume 551 Issue 7681
리서치 하이라이트
표지 기사： 인간 MHC-I 펩타이드 로딩 복합체 구조 분석 결과
쥐라기에 서식했던 활공 능력을 가진 포유류인 유하라마이드의 귀에 존재하는 5개의 이소골 시스템
지구의 마이크로바이옴 다양성
DNA 절단 없이 A•T 쌍을 G•C 쌍으로 변경하는 프로그램 가능한 기술
번개의 방전에 의해 촉발되는 광핵 반응
밀의 D 지놈의 후손에 대한 지놈 염기서열 분석
특화된 억제성 시냅스에 대한 시냅토타그민 7의 기능
췌장암 환자에게서 장기생존과 관련된 새로운 항원 발견
체크포인트 차단 면역 치료법에 대한 암 세포의 반응을 예측할 수 있는 신항원
컨텐츠
Editorials
As climate talks end, it is time for action p.413
Worrying disconnect between emissions rhetoric and real-world trends highlights urgent need for nations to honour their pledges.doi: 10.1038/d41586-017-07273-x
Rewarding negative results keeps science on track p.414
Creating a culture of replication takes prizes, grants and magnanimity — as well as publications.doi: 10.1038/d41586-017-07325-2
News
Exoplanet hunters rethink search for alien life p.421
Astronomers expand ideas of how chemistry and geology could affect chances for life on other worlds.doi: 10.1038/nature.2017.23023
Online software spots genetic errors in cancer papers p.422
Tool to scrutinize research papers identifies mistakes in gene sequences.doi: 10.1038/nature.2017.23003
Giant telescope’s mobile-phone ‘dead zones’ rile South African residents p.423
Sensitive radio dishes of the Square Kilometre Array will affect phone reception — and could harm local economies, say farmers.doi: 10.1038/nature.2017.22998
Improved diagnostics fail to halt the rise of tuberculosis p.424
TB remains a big killer despite the development of a better test for detecting the disease.doi: 10.1038/nature.2017.23000
Hungary rewards highly cited scientists with bonus grants p.425
Some top researchers prosper in Hungary as country tries to improve its international standing in science.doi: 10.1038/551425a
News Features
The most popular genes in the human genome p.427
A tour through the most studied genes in biology reveals some surprises.doi: 10.1038/d41586-017-07291-9
News & Views
Machinery that guides immunity p.442
The peptide-loading complex is key to the initiation of an immune response that raises killer T cells in vertebrates. Its structure has now been determined, and might provide information that improves immune protection.doi: 10.1038/d41586-017-07268-8
Thunderous nuclear reactions p.443
The discovery that thunderstorms can trigger nuclear reactions provides insight into the physics of atmospheric electricity and unveils a previously unknown natural source of radioactive isotopes on Earth.doi: 10.1038/d41586-017-07266-w
How T cells spot tumour cells p.444
Immunotherapy can reawaken T cells to destroy tumour cells. Modelling of tumour and T-cell interactions suggests why certain tumour cells are targeted and improves predictions of immunotherapy outcome.doi: 10.1038/d41586-017-07267-9
Crowdsourcing Earth's microbes p.446
A large-scale study has been assessing microbial diversity by analysing DNA sequences from samples submitted by scientists around the globe. The initial results are now being used to create an open-access resource. See Article p.457doi: 10.1038/nature24756
Super-reactive catalyst for bond cleavage p.447
Carbon–hydrogen bonds in organic molecules can be cut to install other chemical groups on the carbon atom, but these reactions have been limited. A catalytic palladium complex opens up fresh opportunities.doi: 10.1038/d41586-017-07270-0
Layered-up regulation in the developing brain p.448
Modification of messenger RNAs through a process called m6A methylation facilitates dynamic temporal regulation of RNA levels in neural precursor cells, enabling fine-tuning of developing neuronal circuits in the brain.doi: 10.1038/d41586-017-07269-7
Articles
A Jurassic gliding euharamiyidan mammal with an ear of five auditory bones p.451
The fossil of a gliding mammal from the Jurassic period sheds light on both the evolution of gliding and the development of the middle ear, as it has a previously unseen five-ossicle auditory system.doi: 10.1038/nature24483
A communal catalogue reveals Earth’s multiscale microbial diversity OPEN p.457
As phase 1 of the Earth Microbiome Project, analysis of 16S ribosomal RNA sequences from more than 27,000 environmental samples delivers a global picture of the basic structure and drivers of microbial distribution.doi: 10.1038/nature24621
Programmable base editing of A•T to G•C in genomic DNA without DNA cleavage p.464
A new DNA ‘base editor’ can change targeted A•T base pairs to G•C, allowing disease-associated mutations to be corrected and disease-suppressing mutations to be introduced into cells.doi: 10.1038/nature24644
Visualization of chemical modifications in the human 80S ribosome structure p.472
A high-resolution structure of the human ribosome determined by cryo-electron microscopy visualizes numerous RNA modifications that are concentrated at functional sites with an extended shell, and suggests the possibility of designing more specific ribosome-targeting drugs.doi: 10.1038/nature24482
Letters
Solar abundance ratios of the iron-peak elements in the Perseus cluster p.478
High-resolution X-ray spectra show near-solar abundances of chromium, manganese and nickel with respect to iron in the Perseus cluster, suggesting that the progenitors of type Ia supernovae could be near- and sub-Chandrasekhar-mass white dwarfs.doi: 10.1038/nature24301
Photonuclear reactions triggered by lightning discharge p.481
Ground-based observations during a thunderstorm provide conclusive evidence of positrons being produced after lightning, confirming that lightning can trigger photonuclear reactions.doi: 10.1038/nature24630
Photonic quantum state transfer between a cold atomic gas and a crystal p.485
In a step towards hybrid quantum networks, a quantum state can be transferred between two fundamentally different systems—a cold atomic ensemble and a solid-state crystal—by a single photon.doi: 10.1038/nature24468
Ligand-accelerated non-directed C–H functionalization of arenes p.489
Using a ligand as a promoter enhances the reactivity of the palladium catalyst in non-directed C–H functionalization of arenes, enabling the arene to be used as the limiting reagent.doi: 10.1038/nature24632
Hydrogen-bearing iron peroxide and the origin of ultralow-velocity zones p.494
A reaction between iron and water at the high pressure and temperature of the lowermost mantle is described that produces hydrogen-bearing iron peroxide, which has the properties expected of the ultralow-velocity zones at Earth’s core–mantle boundary.doi: 10.1038/nature24461
Genome sequence of the progenitor of the wheat D genome Aegilops tauschii OPEN p.498
doi: 10.1038/nature24486
Synaptotagmin 7 confers frequency invariance onto specialized depressing synapses p.503
The calcium-sensing protein synaptotagmin 7 mediates facilitation that is masked by depression, but supports frequency-invariant transmission in mouse cerebellar and vestibular synapses.doi: 10.1038/nature24474
Quantitative microbiome profiling links gut community variation to microbial load p.507
Quantitive microbiome profiling reveals that total microbial load is an important determinant of enterotypes and may be a key driver of microbiota alterations in patients with Crohn’s disease.doi: 10.1038/nature24460
Identification of unique neoantigen qualities in long-term survivors of pancreatic cancer p.512
The analysis of T-cell antigens in long-term survivors of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma suggests that neoantigen immunogenicity and quality, not purely quantity, correlate with survival.doi: 10.1038/nature24462
A neoantigen fitness model predicts tumour response to checkpoint blockade immunotherapy p.517
An immune fitness model for tumours under checkpoint blockade immunotherapy is proposed, through which the authors show that the presentation and recognition properties of dominant neoantigens distributed over tumour subclones are predictive of response in melanoma and lung cancer cohorts.doi: 10.1038/nature24473
Structural basis of nucleotide sugar transport across the Golgi membrane p.521
Crystal structures of the nucleotide sugar transporter Vrg4 are reported in both the substrate-free and the bound states.doi: 10.1038/nature24464
Structure of the human MHC-I peptide-loading complex p.525
Electron cryo-microscopy structures of the human peptide-loading complex shed light on its operation and on the onset of adaptive immune responses.doi: 10.1038/nature24627
