Academia must resist political confirmation bias p.7
It is crucial to fight discrimination in all its forms, but it is unhelpful to exclude conservative voices from debate.doi: 10.1038/540007a
Volume 540 Issue 7631
리서치 하이라이트
표지 기사： 생식 세포 종양에서 지놈 진화 및 화학 저항성
줄기세포 특성 분석을 위한 종간 키메라 세포 제작
mGlu 및 GABAB 수용체 복합체의 구성 및 기능
바다 깔따구의 일주기성 및 월주기성 번식 시차에 대한 분자유전학적 기초 분석
미토퓨신 구조 조작을 통한 미토콘드리아 결합 이상 교정
리보솜 상의 SelB 신장 인자의 활성화와 관련된 GTPase 대사 경로
대기-위상학적 프로세스를 통한 명왕성 빙하 및 휘발성 물질 분포 관측
mTOR 억제를 통한 줄기세포의 다능성 상태 유지
ZBP1과 상호작용하는 RIPK1에 의한 세포 사멸을 통한 염증 반응 억제 메커니즘
컨텐츠
Editorials
Post-publication criticism is crucial, but should be constructive p.7
In an era of online discussion, debate must remain nuanced and courteous.doi: 10.1038/540007b
Researchers serve up suggestions to reduce food waste p.8
A change in cultural and social factors — such as overcoming a distaste for doggy bags — will be required to shift people’s behaviour.doi: 10.1038/540008a
News
Failed Alzheimer’s trial does not kill leading theory of disease p.15
The drug, and others based on the ‘amyloid hypothesis’, are still being tested in other, different trials.doi: 10.1038/nature.2016.21045
UK scientists excited by surprise £2-billion government windfall p.16
Cash to include fund modelled on DARPA, the US defence department’s research arm — but how much will go to basic research is unclear.doi: 10.1038/nature.2016.21038
Experimental treatments aim to prevent brain damage in babies p.17
Advances in neuroscience are driving the development of therapies that could save thousands of the most vulnerable patients.doi: 10.1038/540017a
Speedy Antarctic drills start hunt for Earth’s oldest ice p.18
British team is first to seek site of 1.5-million-year-old sample.doi: 10.1038/540018a
Weaponized antibodies use new tricks to fight cancer p.19
Next generation of Trojan-horse drugs designed to minimize damage to healthy cells.doi: 10.1038/540019a
Updated: NgAgo gene-editing controversy escalates in peer-reviewed papers p.20
String of publications describes attempts — mostly unsuccessful — to use proposed CRISPR rival.doi: 10.1038/nature.2016.21023
News Features
Can old computers bring Palestinians and Israelis together? p.22
Some of the most toxic refuse from modern society ends up in poor communities. Researchers are helping one area in the Middle East clean up its electronic-waste problem.doi: 10.1038/540022a
News & Views
Pluto's telltale heart p.42
Studies of a large frost-filled basin on Pluto show that this feature altered the dwarf planet's spin axis, driving tectonic activity on its surface, and hint at the presence of a subsurface ocean. See Letters p.86, p.90, p.94 & p.97doi: 10.1038/540042a
Double agents for mitochondrial division p.43
Mitochondrial organelles — the energy powerhouses of the cell — must divide and fuse dynamically to function. It emerges that two distinct dynamin enzymes enable mitochondrial division. See Letter p.139doi: 10.1038/nature20482
Efficient fault tolerance p.44
Dealing with errors in a quantum computer typically requires complex programming and many additional quantum bits. A technique for controlling errors has been proposed that alleviates both of these problems.doi: 10.1038/nature20479
Sort of unexpected p.45
To reach the cell surface, membrane proteins are first targeted to an organelle called the endoplasmic reticulum. Several targeting pathways are known, but it now emerges that there is yet another pathway. See Letter p.134doi: 10.1038/540045a
Projections of the soil-carbon deficit p.47
Changes in the amount of carbon stored in soil might be a crucial feedback to climate change. Experimental field studies show that warming-induced soil carbon losses are greatest where carbon stocks are largest. See Letter p.104doi: 10.1038/540047a
A black hole changes its feeding habits p.48
In the 1980s, the gas surrounding a black hole in a nearby galaxy began to emit much more radiation than before. This change has unexpectedly reversed in the past five years, questioning our understanding of these extreme phenomena.doi: 10.1038/nature20480
Wild times p.49
Little is known about the biological rhythms that emerge from social behaviours in the wild. A study of shorebird pairs shows that rhythms of nest-incubation duties are mainly governed by strategies to avoid predators. See Letter p.109doi: 10.1038/nature20481
Reviews
Stem cells and interspecies chimaeras p.51
A comprehensive review into mammalian interspecies chimaeras, documenting the advances that have occurred alongside developments in stem-cell biology and assessing the future of the field, including any possible ethical and legal issues.doi: 10.1038/nature20573
Organization and functions of mGlu and GABAB receptor complexes p.60
This Review discusses current knowledge of the structure, function and interactions of the metabotropic glutamate and GABAB receptors and the potential to target receptor subunits for future therapeutic intervention in neurological and mental health disorders.doi: 10.1038/nature20566
Articles
The genomic basis of circadian and circalunar timing adaptations in a midge OPEN p.69
Genomic and molecular analyses of Clunio marinus timing strains suggest that modulation of alternative splicing of Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent kinase II represents a mechanism for evolutionary adaptation of circadian timing.doi: 10.1038/nature20151
Correcting mitochondrial fusion by manipulating mitofusin conformations p.74
Specific intramolecular interactions of mitofusin 2 amino acid sequences either constrain or permit mitochondrial fusion and the addition of short peptides matching these sequences stabilize the fusion-constrained or fusion-permissive form, thus inhibiting or promoting mitochondrial fusion.doi: 10.1038/nature20156
The pathway to GTPase activation of elongation factor SelB on the ribosome p.80
The structures of several states on the pathway of SelB-mediated delivery of selenocysteine-specific tRNA to the ribosome in Escherichia coli reveal the mechanism of UGA stop codon recoding to selenocysteine and show how codon recognition triggers activation of translational GTPases.doi: 10.1038/nature20560
Letters
Observed glacier and volatile distribution on Pluto from atmosphere–topography processes p.86
Simulations of the levels of nitrogen, methane and carbon monoxide over thousands of years confirm the existence of a nitrogen glacier in Sputnik Planitia, Pluto’s deepest basin.doi: 10.1038/nature19337
Reorientation and faulting of Pluto due to volatile loading within Sputnik Planitia p.90
The location of Sputnik Planitia on Pluto is shown to result from volatiles sequestered within the basin forcing the reorientation of the dwarf planet, as supported by the planet-wide fault network.doi: 10.1038/nature20120
Reorientation of Sputnik Planitia implies a subsurface ocean on Pluto p.94
To explain the position of the Sputnik Planitia basin on Pluto, the feature would need to have formed via impact and Pluto would need to have a subsurface ocean.doi: 10.1038/nature20148
The rapid formation of Sputnik Planitia early in Pluto’s history p.97
Modelling suggests that the icy region on Pluto known as Sputnik Planitia formed shortly after Charon did and has since been stable, with its latitude corresponding to a minimum in annual solar illumination and its longitude determined by tidal forces from Charon.doi: 10.1038/nature20586
Ghost imaging with atoms p.100
Ghost imaging is demonstrated using beams of correlated pairs of ultracold helium atoms, rather than photons, yielding a reconstructed image with submillimetre resolution.doi: 10.1038/nature20154
Quantifying global soil carbon losses in response to warming p.104
A compilation of global soil carbon data from field experiments provides empirical evidence that warming-induced net losses of soil carbon could accelerate climate change.doi: 10.1038/nature20150
Unexpected diversity in socially synchronized rhythms of shorebirds p.109
Socially synchronized rhythms in shorebirds were assessed during biparental incubation under natural circumstances and were exceptionally diverse, often not following the 24-h day, whereby risk of predation, not starvation, determined some of the variation in incubation rhythms.doi: 10.1038/nature20563
Genomic evolution and chemoresistance in germ-cell tumours p.114
Genomic analyses show that primary germ-cell tumours are highly enriched for chromosomal reciprocal loss of heterozygosity, mutations in KRAS and have high mitochondrial priming, providing insight into chemosensitivity and the evolution of chemoresistance in this disease.doi: 10.1038/nature20596
Inhibition of mTOR induces a paused pluripotent state p.119
Inhibition of mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) suspends mouse blastocyst development and the cells remain ‘paused’ in a reversible pluripotent state, allowing prolonged culture.doi: 10.1038/nature20578
RIPK1 counteracts ZBP1-mediated necroptosis to inhibit inflammation p.124
The enzyme RIPK1 functions through its RHIM domain to prevent ZBP1-mediated activation of RIPK3–MLKL-dependent necroptosis, thus preventing perinatal lethality and skin inflammation in adult mice.doi: 10.1038/nature20558
RIPK1 inhibits ZBP1-driven necroptosis during development p.129
In the absence of RIPK1, ZBP1 engages RIPK3 in a RHIM-dependent manner and acts as a critical activator of RIPK3/MLKL-dependent necroptosis.doi: 10.1038/nature20559
The SND proteins constitute an alternative targeting route to the endoplasmic reticulum p.134
Experiments in yeast cells show that three proteins—Snd1, Snd2 and Snd3—provide an alternative pathway for targeting of cellular proteins to the endoplasmic reticulum.doi: 10.1038/nature20169
Multiple dynamin family members collaborate to drive mitochondrial division p.139
The classical dynamin Dyn2 is required for mitochondrial division.doi: 10.1038/nature20555
In vivo genome editing via CRISPR/Cas9 mediated homology-independent targeted integration p.144
A method for CRISPR-based genome editing that harnesses cellular non-homologous end joining activity to achieve targeted DNA knock-in in non-dividing tissues.doi: 10.1038/nature20565
