Under appeal p.147
Don’t get too excited about that successful appeal against a grant rejection.doi: 10.1038/532147b
Volume 532 Issue 7598
리서치 하이라이트
표지 기사： 인류와 암과의 전쟁
중추신경계의 재생을 돕는 성상 세포 상흔 형성
TREE로 명명된 유전자 인헨서 부위를 통한 조직 재생 조절
55 게자리 e라는 슈퍼 지구의 밤과 낮
게임을 통한 양자 스피드 한계 연구
고밀도 과립 입자에서 전단력 잼 현상의 다이나믹스 직접 관찰
강 바닥 암석의 기후 조절에 대한 메커니즘으로 제안된 화학적 풍화 작용
간상세포와 원추 세포의 저항을 기반으로 한 신경 회로의 색깔 인지
소교 세포의 다양한 생리학적 특성을 조절하는 TAM 수용체
연령에 따른 암발생률 증가와 관련된 sFRP2 유전자
컨텐츠
Editorials
Breeding controls p.147
Scientists must help to inform regulators wrestling with how to handle the next generation of genetically engineered crops.doi: 10.1038/532147a
Destination Venus p.148
Findings from the Akatsuki mission should rekindle interest in Earth’s closest neighbour.doi: 10.1038/532148a
News
Fears rise over yellow fever’s next move p.155
Scientists warn vaccine stocks would be overwhelmed in the event of large urban outbreaks.doi: 10.1038/532155a
Rescued Japanese spacecraft delivers first results from Venus p.157
Streaked acidic clouds and a bow shape in the atmosphere are among Akatsuki’s findings.doi: 10.1038/532157a
Gene-editing surges as US rethinks regulations p.158
Committee begins study to guide oversight of modified organisms.doi: 10.1038/532158a
How one lab challenged a grant rejection and won €5 million p.159
A British scientist successfully appealed against an unfavourable grant review — but the road to victory can be paved with challenges.doi: 10.1038/nature.2016.19714
Human mind excels at quantum physics game p.160
Revelation could have implications for how scientists approach quantum physics.doi: 10.1038/532160a
News Features
Cocktails for cancer with a measure of immunotherapy p.162
The next frontier in cancer immunotherapy lies in combining it with other treatments. Scientists are trying to get the mix just right.doi: 10.1038/532162a
Cancer therapy: an evolved approach p.166
Tumours are subject to the same rules of natural selection as any other living thing. Clinicians are now putting that knowledge to use.doi: 10.1038/532166a
News & Views
Some begging is actually bragging p.180
A meta-analysis of 143 bird species finds huge variation in parental responses to chicks' begging signals, and shows that parental strategies depend on environmental factors, such as the predictability and quality of food supplies.doi: 10.1038/nature17317
Hard-to-reach repairs p.181
Two studies find that the molecular machinery that initiates gene transcription prevents repair proteins from accessing DNA, resulting in increased mutation rates at sites of transcription-factor binding. See Letters p.259 & p.264doi: 10.1038/532181a
Not everything is scary about a glial scar p.182
After spinal-cord injury, cells called astrocytes form a scar that is thought to block neuronal regeneration. The finding that the scar promotes regrowth of long nerve projections called axons challenges this long-held dogma. See Article p.195doi: 10.1038/nature17318
Quantum problems solved through games p.184
Humans are better than computers at performing certain tasks because of their intuition and superior visual processing. Video games are now being used to channel these abilities to solve problems in quantum physics. See Letter p.210doi: 10.1038/532184a
Surprises from the sanitary engineers p.185
In mammals, microglial cells of the central nervous system are responsible for the normal clearance of dead brain cells. TAM-receptor proteins have now been found to mediate this function. See Letter p.240doi: 10.1038/nature17881
How rain affects rock and rivers p.186
An analysis of the evolution of river channels on Hawaii's Big Island shows that a key factor is the effect of local rainfall on bedrock strength — rather than its effect on river discharge, as is often assumed. See Letter p.223doi: 10.1038/532186a
Articles
Hourglass fermions p.189
The energy–momentum relationship of certain fermions resembles an hourglass, which is movable but unremovable; this robust property follows from the intertwining of spatial symmetries with the band theory of crystals, revised with mathematical connections to topology and cohomology.doi: 10.1038/nature17410
Astrocyte scar formation aids central nervous system axon regeneration p.195
Sustained delivery of axon-specific growth factors not typically present in spinal cord lesions allows for robust axonal regrowth only if the astrocytic scar is present—a result that questions the prevailing dogma and suggests that astrocytic scarring aids rather than prevents central nervous system axon regeneration post injury.doi: 10.1038/nature17623
Modulation of tissue repair by regeneration enhancer elements p.201
An injury-dependent enhancer element is identified that activates gene expression in regenerating zebrafish tissues and can be engineered into DNA constructs that increase tissue regenerative capacity; the element is also active in injured mouse tissue.doi: 10.1038/nature17644
Letters
A map of the large day–night temperature gradient of a super-Earth exoplanet p.207
A longitudinal thermal brightness map of the super-Earth exoplanet 55 Cancri e reveals strong day–night temperature contrast, indicating inefficient heat redistribution consistent with 55 Cancri e either being devoid of atmosphere or having an optically thick atmosphere with heat recirculation confined to the planetary dayside.doi: 10.1038/nature17169
Exploring the quantum speed limit with computer games p.210
The crowd sourcing and gamification of a problem in quantum computing are described; human players succeed in solving the problem where purely numerical optimization fails, providing insight into, and a starting point for, strategies for optimization.doi: 10.1038/nature17620
Direct observation of dynamic shear jamming in dense suspensions p.214
Dense suspensions of hard granular particles can transform from liquid-like to solid-like when perturbed; a state diagram is mapped out that reveals how this transformation can occur via dynamic jamming at sufficiently large shear stress while leaving the particle density unchanged.doi: 10.1038/nature17167
Asymmetric catalytic formation of quaternary carbons by iminium ion trapping of radicals p.218
A combination of photoredox and asymmetric organic catalysis enables enantioselective radical conjugate additions to β,β-disubstituted cyclic enones to construct quaternary carbon stereocentres with high fidelity.doi: 10.1038/nature17438
Chemical weathering as a mechanism for the climatic control of bedrock river incision p.223
Climate-dependent chemical weathering is found to control the erodibility of bedrock-floored rivers across a rainfall gradient on the Kohala Peninsula, Hawai‘i; river erosion models that incorporate this process could improve the assessment of climatic controls from topographic data and the understanding of climatic feedbacks in landscape evolution models.doi: 10.1038/nature17449
Ritual human sacrifice promoted and sustained the evolution of stratified societies p.228
Phylogenetic methods were applied to a cross-cultural database of traditional Austronesian societies to test the link between ritual human sacrifice and the origins of social hierarchy—the presence of sacrifice in a society stabilized social stratification and promoted inherited class systems.doi: 10.1038/nature17159
Post-invasion demography of prehistoric humans in South America p.232
South America was the last habitable continent to be colonized by humans; using a database of 1,147 archaeological sites and 5,464 radiocarbon dates spanning 14,000 to 2,000 years ago reveals two phases of the population history of the continent—a rapid expansion through the continent at low population sizes for over 8,000 years and then a second phase of sedentary lifestyle and exponential population growth starting around 5,000 years ago.doi: 10.1038/nature17176
A neuronal circuit for colour vision based on rod–cone opponency p.236
Colour vision is thought to rely on the comparison of signals from cone cells in the retina, this paper identifies a class of mouse retinal ganglion cells (J-RGC) that integrates an OFF signal from ultraviolet-sensitive cones with an ON signal from green-sensitive rods, producing a colour-opponent channel that may enable animals to detect urine territory marks; the underlying circuit may also explain why humans experience a blue shift in night-time vision.doi: 10.1038/nature17158
TAM receptors regulate multiple features of microglial physiology p.240
Microglial phagocytosis is required for neurogenic niche maintenance and response to injury; the TAM kinases Mer and Axl are expressed by microglia in the adult CNS, and mediate the clearance of apoptotic cells from the niche.doi: 10.1038/nature17630
The necrosome promotes pancreatic oncogenesis via CXCL1 and Mincle-induced immune suppression p.245
A study of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma shows that cancer cell proliferation is associated with increased expression of proteins that control programmed necrotic cell death and suppress the adaptive immune system.doi: 10.1038/nature17403
sFRP2 in the aged microenvironment drives melanoma metastasis and therapy resistance p.250
Aged fibroblasts release a Wnt antagonist, sFRP2, which drives a signalling cascade in melanoma cells, leading to increased metastasis and reduced effectiveness of targeted therapy.doi: 10.1038/nature17392
Reductive carboxylation supports redox homeostasis during anchorage-independent growth p.255
Malignant cells are able to survive and grow in detached conditions, despite the associated increase in reactive oxygen species; here a novel metabolic pathway used by cancer cells as they adapt to anchorage-independent growth is described.doi: 10.1038/nature17393
Differential DNA repair underlies mutation hotspots at active promoters in cancer genomes p.259
Analysis of 1,161 cancer genomes across 14 cancer types shows that increased mutation density at gene promoters can be linked to transcription initiation activity and impairment of nucleotide excision repair.doi: 10.1038/nature17437
Nucleotide excision repair is impaired by binding of transcription factors to DNA p.264
An analysis of cancer genomic data reveals an increased rate of somatic mutations at active transcription factor binding sites located both within promoter regions and distal from genes; the increased mutation rate at these genomic regions can be explained by reduced accessibility of the protein-bound DNA to nucleotide excision repair machinery.doi: 10.1038/nature17661
