Stem the tide p.163
Japan has introduced an unproven system to make patients pay for clinical trials.doi: 10.1038/528163b
Volume 528 Issue 7581
리서치 하이라이트
표지 기사： 비대칭적 세포 분화에서 스핀들 비대칭성에 의한 엔도솜 다이나믹스
논증 자체가 불가능한 분광 갭
칼슘에 의한 신호 통합에 의한 장내 세균 활성 조절
체세포 특성을 유지하는데 필요한 CAF-1 히스톤 샤페론
콜로니를 형성한 효과 및 조절 T세포에 의한 면역 항상성 강화
세레스에서 얼음의 존재를 의미하는 밝게 빛나는 영역 발견
태양계 외부에서 세레스에 공급된 암모니아
하이드로카본의 선택적 전환에 관여하는 나노스캐일 이중 효과 촉매
인간 장내 세균 불균형과 제 2형 당뇨병 및 메트포민 치료간의 상관 관계
컨텐츠
Editorials
Fetal tissue research under threat p.163
The US Senate has just voted to defund one of the providers of aborted fetal tissue for research. Such research is too valuable to become embroiled in the bitter abortion debate.doi: 10.1038/528163a
Future-proofing p.164
Hard decisions on issues that will affect future generations should not be sidestepped.doi: 10.1038/528164a
News
Lab staple agar hit by seaweed shortage p.171
Dwindling algae harvest imperils reagent essential for culturing microbes.doi: 10.1038/528171a
Global summit reveals divergent views on human gene editing p.173
Representatives discuss ethical, social and legal issues that unite and divide them.doi: 10.1038/528173a
Japan’s Venus orbiter makes comeback p.174
Five years after a failed insertion into the planet’s orbit, Akatsuki finally reaches its target.doi: 10.1038/528174a
Short-lived fish may hold clues to human ageing p.175
Turquoise killifish genomes help to explain their 'live fast, die young' lifestyle.doi: 10.1038/nature.2015.18945
Hawaiian court revokes permit for planned mega-telescope p.176
Decision throws construction of the Thirty Meter Telescope into question.doi: 10.1038/nature.2015.18944
Ocean-diving robot Nereus will not be replaced p.176
Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution will spend insurance money for destroyed vehicle on lower-risk projects.doi: 10.1038/528176a
News Features
The truth about fetal tissue research p.178
The use of aborted fetal tissue has sparked controversy in the United States, but many scientists say it is essential for studies of HIV, development and more.doi: 10.1038/528178a
The last illness p.182
Researchers are gaining insight into the causes of a devastating form of muscle wasting that is often the final stage of cancer and other diseases.doi: 10.1038/528182a
News & Views
A last-minute decision p.196
Robust quantitative analyses of asymmetric division in certain cells in flies identify the major molecular players and, most interestingly, define a simple equation to explain this complex cellular process. See Letter p.280doi: 10.1038/528196a
The complexity of intimacy p.197
Catalysts that contain two types of active site split long hydrocarbon molecules into more-useful shorter ones. Research into controlling the nanoscale separation of the sites challenges accepted design rules for such catalysts. See Letter p.245doi: 10.1038/528197a
Cure by killing p.198
Two bi-specific protein constructs have been designed that direct the body's T cells to kill HIV-infected cells. The feat provides a step on the path to removing the latent virus reservoir that persists in patients on antiretroviral therapy.doi: 10.1038/nature16321
The Sun and the rain p.200
A study shows that, as Earth warms, global precipitation will increase by less than many models predict, because of increases in the amount of near-infrared sunlight absorbed by water vapour. See Letter p.249doi: 10.1038/528200a
Architecture of a protein entry gate p.201
The TOM complex guides precursor proteins from the cell's cytosolic fluid into organelles called mitochondria. Biochemical analyses reveal the architecture of this complex and show how precursor proteins pass through its narrow pores.doi: 10.1038/nature16318
How the Solar System didn't form p.202
Standard planet-formation models have been unable to reconstruct the distributions of the Solar System's small, rocky planets and asteroids in the same simulation. A new analysis suggests that it cannot be done.doi: 10.1038/nature16322
A transcriptional specialist resolved p.204
Three structures of the enzyme RNA polymerase III, which is responsible for the synthesis of abundant short RNAs, reveal the specializations that make it an adept terminator and reinitiator of transcription. See Article p.231doi: 10.1038/nature16317
In the right place at the right time p.205
Regulatory T cells help to prevent autoimmune responses. A new imaging technique reveals that activation of these cells requires clustering with self-reactive effector T cells and sensing of the signalling protein interleukin-2. See Article p.225doi: 10.1038/nature16312
Articles
Undecidability of the spectral gap p.207
The spectral gap problem—whether the Hamiltonian of a quantum many-body problem is gapped or gapless—is rigorously proved to be undecidable; there exists no algorithm to determine whether an arbitrary quantum many-body model is gapped or gapless, and there exist models for which the presence or absence of a spectral gap is independent of the axioms of mathematics.doi: 10.1038/nature16059
Signal integration by Ca2+ regulates intestinal stem-cell activity p.212
Drosophila intestinal stem cells (ISCs) respond to changes in diet, particularly L-glutamate levels, by modulating Ca2+ signalling to adapt their proliferation rate; furthermore, Ca2+ is shown to be central to the response of ISCs to a wide range of dietary and stress stimuli.doi: 10.1038/nature16170
The histone chaperone CAF-1 safeguards somatic cell identity p.218
RNA interference screens were used to identify chromatin-associated factors that impede reprogramming of somatic cells into iPS cells; suppression of the chromatin assembly factor CAF-1 enhances the generation of iPS cells by rendering chromatin more accessible to pluripotency transcription factors.doi: 10.1038/nature15749
Immune homeostasis enforced by co-localized effector and regulatory T cells p.225
Autoantigen-presenting dendritic cells are shown to interact with both effector and regulatory T cells, and effector-produced IL-2 activates the transcription factor STAT5 in regulatory T cells, which in turn upregulates suppressive molecules and prevents autoimmunity.doi: 10.1038/nature16169
Molecular structures of unbound and transcribing RNA polymerase III p.231
RNA polymerase III (Pol III), the largest eukaryote polymerase yet characterized, transcribes structured small non-coding RNAs; here cryo-electron microscopy structures of budding yeast Pol III allow building of an atomic-level model of the complete 17-subunit complex, both unbound and while elongating RNA.doi: 10.1038/nature16143
Letters
Sublimation in bright spots on (1) Ceres p.237
The dwarf planet (1) Ceres, the largest object in the main asteroid belt, is found to have localized bright areas on its surface; particularly interesting is a bright pit on the floor of the crater Occator that exhibits what is likely to be water ice sublimation, producing crater-bound haze clouds with a diurnal rhythm.doi: 10.1038/nature15754
Ammoniated phyllosilicates with a likely outer Solar System origin on (1) Ceres p.241
Infrared spectra of (1) Ceres acquired at distances of 82,000 to 4,300 kilometres from the surface indicate widespread ammoniated phyllosilicates; the presence of ammonia suggests that material from the outer Solar System was incorporated into Ceres.doi: 10.1038/nature16172
Nanoscale intimacy in bifunctional catalysts for selective conversion of hydrocarbons p.245
The conversion of hydrocarbons to produce high-quality diesel fuel can be catalysed by bifunctional materials that contain a metal site and an acid site; it has been assumed that these sites should be as close as possible in order to enhance catalysis, but it is now shown that having them too close together can be detrimental to selectivity.doi: 10.1038/nature16173
An observational radiative constraint on hydrologic cycle intensification p.249
The magnitude of global precipitation increase predicted by climate models has a large uncertainty that has been difficult to constrain, but much of the range in predictions is now shown to arise from shortcomings in the modelling of atmospheric absorption of shortwave radiation; if the radiative transfer algorithms controlling the absorption were more accurate, the model spread would narrow and the mean estimate could be about 40% lower.doi: 10.1038/nature15770
Scale dependence of rock friction at high work rate p.254
In metre-sized rock specimens, rock friction starts to decrease at a much smaller work rate than in centimetre-sized rock specimens, thus demonstrating that rock friction is scale-dependent.doi: 10.1038/nature16138
The ontogeny of fairness in seven societies p.258
An analysis of when children develop a sense of fairness (receiving less or more than a peer) is compared across seven different societies; aversion to receiving less emerges early in childhood in all societies, whereas aversion to receiving more emerges later in childhood and only in three of the seven societies studied.doi: 10.1038/nature15703
Disentangling type 2 diabetes and metformin treatment signatures in the human gut microbiota p.262
Growing evidence from metagenome-wide association studies link multiple common disorders to microbial dysbiosis but effects of drug treatment are often not accounted for; here, the authors re-analyse two previous metagenomic studies of type 2 diabetes mellitus patients together with a novel cohort to determine the effects of the widely prescribed antidiabetic drug metformin and highlight the need to distinguish the effects of a disease from the effects of treatment on the gut microbiota.doi: 10.1038/nature15766
Barcoding reveals complex clonal dynamics of de novo transformed human mammary cells p.267
The first formal evidence of the shared and independent ability of basal cells and luminal pro-genitors isolated from normal human mammary tissue and transduced with a single oncogene to initiate tumorigeneses when introduced into mice.doi: 10.1038/nature15742
FGF signalling regulates bone growth through autophagy p.272
During postnatal development in mice, the growth factor FGF18 induces autophagy in the chondrocyte cells of the growth plate to regulate the secretion of type II collagen, a process required for bone growth.doi: 10.1038/nature16063
Force generation by skeletal muscle is controlled by mechanosensing in myosin filaments p.276
It is widely accepted that contraction of skeletal muscle and the heart involves structural changes in actin-containing thin filaments to allow binding of myosin motors from neighbouring thick filaments, thus driving filament sliding; here, X-ray diffraction of single skeletal muscle cells reveals that this thin-filament mechanism can regulate muscle contraction against low load, but high-load contraction requires a second permissive step involving a structural change in the thick filament.doi: 10.1038/nature15727
Polarized endosome dynamics by spindle asymmetry during asymmetric cell division p.280
Central spindle asymmetry, generated by the kinesin Klp10A and its antagonist Patronin, polarizes endosome motility and provides a mechanism for the asymmetric segregation of signalling endosomes observed in a variety of asymmetrically dividing cell types.doi: 10.1038/nature16443
Replication stress activates DNA repair synthesis in mitosis p.286
Common fragile sites (CFSs) are difficult-to-replicate regions of eukaryotic genomes that are sensitive to replication stress and that require resolution by the MUS81–EME1 endonuclease to re-initiate POLD3-dependent DNA synthesis in early mitosis; this study defines the specific pathway of events causing the CFS fragility phenotype.doi: 10.1038/nature16139
