Make the most of PhDs p.7
The number of people with science doctorates is rapidly increasing, but there are not enough academic jobs for them all. Graduate programmes should be reformed to meet students’ needs.doi: 10.1038/528007a
Volume 528 Issue 7580
리서치 하이라이트
표지 기사： 글로벌 토양 보존에 대한 국제 협약
두 암세포주 데이터 베이스 간의 파마코지노믹스 자료 일치화
양자 다중체 시스템에서 얽힘 엔트로피 측정
기온 변화에 취약한 전세계 해양 생물
뇌종양 세포의 상호 연결을 통한 기능성 및 저항성 네트워크 형성
효과적인 프로테옴 분배를 위한 과잉 대사 작용
안티센스 올리고뉴클레오타이드를 이용한MECP2 복제 유전적 질환의 정상 표현형 회복
Notch 신호전달 경로에 대한 조절을 통한 호흡기 세포의 상호 분화 조절
지방 저항성 Treg세포의 감소를 통한 연령 연관성 인슐린 저항성 예방
컨텐츠
Editorials
Root causes p.7
Research has a part to play in identifying the factors that breed terrorism.doi: 10.1038/528007b
Take more risks p.8
Scientific innovation is being smothered by a culture of conformity.doi: 10.1038/528008a
News
Italian scientists slam selection of stem-cell trial p.15
Senate assigns a clinical trial €3 million — but researchers want an open competition.doi: 10.1038/528015a
Quest to drill into Earth’s mantle restarts p.16
Indian Ocean expedition resumes a six-decade campaign to bore right through the planet’s crust.doi: 10.1038/528016a
Artificial intelligence called in to tackle LHC data deluge p.18
Algorithms could aid discovery at Large Hadron Collider, but raise transparency concerns.doi: 10.1038/528018a
Brain study seeks roots of suicide p.19
A clinical trial will look at the neurological structure and function of people who have attempted suicide.doi: 10.1038/nature.2015.18870
Terrorism science: 5 insights into jihad in Europe p.20
Terrorism is tough to study, but researchers have gleaned insights from the current generation of Islamist extremists.doi: 10.1038/528020a
UK scientists celebrate slight rise in research budget p.20
Science budget will rise with inflation amid cuts elsewhere, following government spending review.doi: 10.1038/nature.2015.18878
News Features
How to build a better PhD p.22
There are too many PhD students for too few academic jobs — but with imagination, the problem could be solved.doi: 10.1038/528022a
The inside story on wearable electronics p.26
Researchers want to wire the human body with sensors that could harvest reams of data — and transform health care.doi: 10.1038/528026a
News & Views
Close encounters of the alpha kind p.42
Breakthrough calculations of collisions between two helium nuclei pave the way to a quantitative understanding of how the elements carbon and oxygen were made in stars — and to improved models of stellar evolution. See Letter p.111doi: 10.1038/528042a
Ecosystem vulnerability to ocean warming p.43
Analysis of the temperature ranges occupied by marine species finds that the vulnerability of ecological communities to global warming may depend more on organismal physiology than on the magnitude of change. See Article p.88doi: 10.1038/nature16314
Inflammation keeps old mice healthy p.44
Immune cells called regulatory T cells accumulate in fat during ageing. The anti-inflammatory activity of these cells worsens age-associated defects in metabolism, in contrast to its effect in obesity. See Letter p.137doi: 10.1038/nature15648
A century of phage lessons p.46
One hundred years after the first description of viruses that infect bacterial cells, the contribution of these bacteriophages to fundamental biology, biotechnology and human health continues unabated and deserves celebration.doi: 10.1038/528046a
Getting the measure of entanglement p.48
A property called entanglement entropy helps to describe the quantum states of interacting particles, and it has at last been measured. The findings open the door to a deeper understanding of quantum systems. See Article p.77doi: 10.1038/528048a
Tumour cells on neighbourhood watch p.49
The discovery of microtube structures that link tumour cells in some invasive brain tumours reveals how these cancers spread, and how they resist treatment. See Article p.93doi: 10.1038/nature15649
Perspectives
Managing nitrogen for sustainable development p.51
Careful management of nitrogen fertilizer usage is required to ensure world food security while limiting environmental degradation; an analysis of historical nitrogen use efficiency reveals socio-economic factors and technological innovations that have influenced a range of past national trends and that suggest ways to improve global food production and environmental stewardship by 2050.doi: 10.1038/nature15743
The contentious nature of soil organic matter p.60
Instead of containing stable and chemically unique ‘humic substances’, as has been widely accepted, soil organic matter is a mixture of progressively decomposing organic compounds; this has broad implications for soil science and its applications.doi: 10.1038/nature16069
Soil biodiversity and human health p.69
Soil biodiversity sustains human health and its loss can be mitigated by sustainable management.doi: 10.1038/nature15744
Analysis
Pharmacogenomic agreement between two cancer cell line data sets p.84
n panels of cancer cell lines analysed for their response to drug libraries, some studies have proposed distinct pharmacological sensitivities for some cell lines while other studies have not seen the same trends; here the data in the Cancer Cell Line Encyclopedia and the Genomics of Drug Sensitivity in Cancer are reassessed, and the authors report a stronger degree of concordance between the two data sets than that in a previous study.doi: 10.1038/nature15736
Articles
Measuring entanglement entropy in a quantum many-body system p.77
Entanglement, which describes non-local correlations between quantum objects, is very difficult to measure, especially in systems of itinerant particles; here spatial entanglement is measured for ultracold bosonic atoms in optical lattices.doi: 10.1038/nature15750
Thermal biases and vulnerability to warming in the world’s marine fauna p.88
How marine communities will respond to climate change depends on the thermal sensitivities of existing communities; existing reef communities do not show a perfect fit between current temperatures and the thermal niches of the species within them and this thermal bias is a major contributor to projected local species loss.doi: 10.1038/nature16144
Brain tumour cells interconnect to a functional and resistant network p.93
Brain tumours are difficult to treat because of their propensity to infiltrate brain tissue; here long processes, or tumour microtubes, extended by astrocytomas are shown to promote brain infiltration and to create an interconnected network that enables multicellular communication and that protects the tumours from radiotherapy-induced cell death, suggesting that disruption of the network could be a new therapeutic approach.doi: 10.1038/nature16071
Overflow metabolism in Escherichia coli results from efficient proteome allocation p.99
Using experimental proteomics and modelling in E. coli, the amount of protein needed to run respiration (per ATP produced) is shown to be twice as much as that needed to run fermentation; results demonstrate that overflow metabolism (known as the Warburg effect in cancer cells) is a necessary outcome of optimal bacterial growth, governed by a global resource allocation program, and that the methodology is directly applicable to synthetic biology and cancer research.doi: 10.1038/nature15765
Letters
Warm–hot baryons comprise 5–10 per cent of filaments in the cosmic web p.105
In the local Universe, the census of all observed baryons falls short of the estimated number by a factor of two, and simulations have indicated that the missing baryons reside throughout the filaments of the cosmic web; X-ray observations of filamentary structures associated with the galaxy cluster Abell 2744 now find that 5 to 10 per cent of the filament mass is in the form of baryonic gas.doi: 10.1038/nature16058
Relativistic baryonic jets from an ultraluminous supersoft X-ray source p.108
Persistent low-velocity baryonic jets have been detected from a supersoft X-ray source; the low velocity suggests that these jets have not been launched from a white dwarf, and the persistence speaks against the origin being a canonical black hole or neutron star, indicating that a different type of source must be implicated.doi: 10.1038/nature15751
Ab initio alpha–alpha scattering p.111
An ab initio calculation of alpha–alpha scattering is described for which the number of computational operations scales approximately quadratically with particle number and which uses lattice Monte Carlo simulations and lattice effective field theory, combined with the adiabatic projection method to reduce the eight-body system to a two-cluster system.doi: 10.1038/nature16067
Potential sea-level rise from Antarctic ice-sheet instability constrained by observations p.115
Recent work has suggested that sections of the West Antarctic ice sheet are already rapidly retreating, raising concerns about increased sea-level rise; now, an ice-sheet model is used to simulate the mass loss from the entire Antarctic ice sheet to 2200, suggesting that it could contribute up to 30 cm of sea-level rise by 2100 and 72 cm by 2200, but is unlikely to contribute more.doi: 10.1038/nature16147
Death from drought in tropical forests is triggered by hydraulics not carbon starvation p.119
It has been suggested that carbon starvation, owing to reduced availability of non-structural carbohydrates (NSCs), is an important contributor to tree mortality during drought in tropical rainforests; however, data from the world’s longest-running experimental drought study presented here show no evidence of carbon starvation, and instead the researchers conclude that impaired water hydraulic processes (involving the transport of water from soil to leaf) have a more important role in triggering tree death from long-term drought.doi: 10.1038/nature15539
Reversal of phenotypes in MECP2 duplication mice using genetic rescue or antisense oligonucleotides p.123
Genetic correction of MeCP2 levels largely reversed the behavioural, molecular and physiological deficits associated with MECP2 duplication syndrome in a transgenic mouse model; similarly, reduction of MeCP2 levels using an antisense oligonucleotide strategy resulted in phenotypic rescue in adult transgenic mice, and dose-dependently corrected MeCP2 levels in cells from patients with MECP2 duplication.doi: 10.1038/nature16159
Therapeutic antibodies reveal Notch control of transdifferentiation in the adult lung p.127
Inhibitory antibodies to two specific human and mouse Notch ligands, Jagged1 and Jagged2, are generated and shown to have beneficial effects in a goblet cell metaplasia asthma model; systemic Jagged1 inhibition transdifferentiates secretory cells into ciliated cells in the mouse, demonstrating that Jagged1 from ciliated cells normally holds back secretory cells to adopt the ciliated fate.doi: 10.1038/nature15715
A mechanism for expansion of regulatory T-cell repertoire and its role in self-tolerance p.132
Regulatory T cells need to express a diverse T-cell-receptor repertoire to control pathogenic self-reactive T cells; here it is shown that repertoire diversification depends on the intronic Foxp3 enhancer CNS3 acting at the regulatory T-cell-precursor stage to induce T-cell-receptor responsiveness to low-strength signals.doi: 10.1038/nature16141
Depletion of fat-resident Treg cells prevents age-associated insulin resistance p.137
Fat-resident regulatory T cells (fTreg cells) accumulate in adipose tissue of mice as a function of age, but not obesity; mice without fTreg cells are protected against age-associated insulin resistance, but remain susceptible to obesity-associated insulin resistance and metabolic disease, indicating different aetiologies of age-associated versus obesity-associated insulin resistance.doi: 10.1038/nature16151
Genome-wide detection of DNase I hypersensitive sites in single cells and FFPE tissue samples p.142
A DNase sequencing method termed scDNase-seq detects DNase I hypersensitive sites genome-wide in single cells and pools of cells dissected from cancer biopsies.doi: 10.1038/nature15740
Transcriptional regulators form diverse groups with context-dependent regulatory functions p.147
A large-scale enhancer complementation assay assessing the activating or repressing contributions of over 800 Drosophila transcription factors and cofactors to combinatorial enhancer control reveals a more complex picture than expected, with many factors having diverse regulatory functions that depend on the enhancer context.doi: 10.1038/nature15545
