A breath of fresh air p.133
The decision to use the Montreal Protocol to reduce the impact of refrigerants on global warming is a step forward ahead of the Paris climate summit.doi: 10.1038/527133a
Volume 527 Issue 7577
리서치 하이라이트
표지 기사： 초기 신석기 시대부터 길들여지기 시작한 꿀벌
공포와 불안감을 조절하는데 관여하는 선조 편도체
인간 흑색종 세포의 원거리 전이를 억제하는 산화적 스트레스
CRISPR-Cas9을 이용한 글로빈 유전자 발현 변이 치료
냉동 전자 현미경을 이용한 Slo2.2 Na+-활성 K+ 채널 구조 분석
낮은 질량의 항성 주위를 근거리에서 공전하고 있는 암석형 행성
상온에서 구현한 대규모 비정형 홀 효과
맨틀 대류 기둥에 의해서 유도된 섭입대
사족 동물 다리 발달에서 전축 극성 및 재생에 대한 진화 과정 분석
젖산에 의해서 활성화된 후각 수용체를 통한 산소 호흡량 조절
컨텐츠
Editorials
Universities’ value p.133
Proposals for UK higher education contain some positive points amid the financial gloom.doi: 10.1038/527133b
Radio interference p.134
Conflict at the Arecibo Observatory highlights the need for funders to become more flexible.doi: 10.1038/527134a
News
Keystone XL decision puts spotlight on US climate politics p.141
US President Barack Obama rejects pipeline to transport oil from Canada's tar sands to refineries along the Gulf of Mexico.doi: 10.1038/nature.2015.18751
Arecibo Observatory director quits after funding row p.142
Departure of long-term advocate adds to woes of the financially troubled radio telescope.doi: 10.1038/nature.2015.18745
Uncertainty for UK science ahead of giant spending review p.144
A flat budget is one of several possible outcomes that worry researchers.doi: 10.1038/527144a
Mega science prize split between 1,377 physicists p.145
Multimillion-dollar Breakthrough awards announce winners in physics, life sciences and mathematics.doi: 10.1038/nature.2015.18746
Canada creates science-minister post p.146
New prime minister Justin Trudeau gives research a higher profile.doi: 10.1038/nature.2015.18739
Leukaemia success heralds wave of gene-editing therapies p.146
One-year-old girl treated as plans to inject DNA-cutting technology directly into patients' bodies take shape.doi: 10.1038/nature.2015.18737
News Features
In the eye of the Twitterstorm p.148
Social media is shaking up how scientists talk about gender issues.doi: 10.1038/527148a
New life for pig-to-human transplants p.152
Gene-editing technologies have breathed life into the languishing field of xenotransplantation.doi: 10.1038/527152a
News & Views
DNA repair without flipping out p.168
Time-resolved molecular snapshots of the bacterial enzyme AlkD reveal an unprecedented mechanism for the recognition and removal of damaged bases in DNA, with implications for cell biology and cancer therapy. See Letter p.254doi: 10.1038/nature15646
A small star with an Earth-like planet p.169
A rocky planet close in size to Earth has been discovered in the cosmic vicinity of our Sun. The small size and proximity of the associated star bode well for studies of the planet's atmosphere. See Letter p.204doi: 10.1038/527169a
The enemy of my enemy is my friend p.170
Reactive oxygen species have been viewed as stress-inducing molecules that promote cancer initiation. But new evidence indicates that oxidative stress can be beneficial — inhibiting the spread of a cancer to other sites. See Article p.186doi: 10.1038/nature15644
Deadly combination p.172
New evidence suggests that seismic waves from the Chicxulub meteorite impact doubled the eruption rate of lavas on the opposite side of the planet — a combination that led to the mass extinction at the end of the Cretaceous period.doi: 10.1038/527172a
A rewired food web p.173
Climate change is causing large fish species to move into arctic marine environments. A network analysis finds that these fishes, with their generalist diets, add links to the existing food web that may alter biodiversity and web stability.doi: 10.1038/nature16311
Liquefied molecular holes p.174
Porous solids have many uses in the chemical industry, which has stimulated the development of several generations of such materials. A new generation has now arrived, with the report of permanently porous liquids. See Letter p.216doi: 10.1038/527174a
Human sleep before the industrial era p.176
A quantitative study of sleep patterns in three pre-industrial societies implies that our natural sleep duration is close to seven hours, and that sleep cycles are determined by environmental temperature as well as the light–dark cycle.doi: 10.1038/527176a
Higher costs of climate change p.177
An attempt to reconcile the effects of temperature on economic productivity at the micro and macro levels produces predictions of global economic losses due to climate change that are much higher than previous estimates. See Letter p.235doi: 10.1038/nature15643
Articles
Basomedial amygdala mediates top-down control of anxiety and fear p.179
Activation of the ventral medial prefrontal cortex–basomedial amygdala pathway is shown to suppress anxiety and fear-related freezing in mice, thus identifying the basomedial amygdala (and not intercalated cells, as posited by earlier models) as a novel target of top-down control.doi: 10.1038/nature15698
Oxidative stress inhibits distant metastasis by human melanoma cells p.186
Human melanoma cells grown in mice experience high levels of oxidative stress in the bloodstream such that few metastasizing cells survive to form tumours; the rare melanoma cells that successfully metastasize undergo metabolic changes that increase their capacity to withstand this stress, and antioxidant treatments increase metastasis formation by human melanoma cells, while inhibiting antioxidant pathways had the reverse effect.doi: 10.1038/nature15726
BCL11A enhancer dissection by Cas9-mediated in situ saturating mutagenesis p.192
A CRISPR-Cas9 approach is used to perform saturating mutagenesis of the human and mouse BCL11A enhancers, producing a map that reveals critical regions and specific vulnerabilities; BCL11A enhancer disruption is validated by CRISPR-Cas9 as a therapeutic strategy for inducing fetal haemoglobin by applying it in both mice and primary human erythroblast cells.doi: 10.1038/nature15521
Cryo-electron microscopy structure of the Slo2.2 Na+-activated K+ channel p.198
The structure of the full-length Slo2.2 Na+-activated K+ channel is determined by cryo-electron microscopy, revealing features that explain the high conductance and gating mechanism of the Slo K+ channel family.doi: 10.1038/nature14958
Letters
A rocky planet transiting a nearby low-mass star p.204
A low-mass star that is just 12 parsecs away from Earth is shown to be transited by an Earth-sized planet, GJ 1132b, which probably has a rock/iron composition and might support a substantial atmosphere.doi: 10.1038/nature15762
Entangling two transportable neutral atoms via local spin exchange p.208
Spin-entangled states between two neutral atoms in different optical tweezers are prepared by combining them in the same optical tweezer and allowing for controlled interactions, after which the particles are dynamically separated in space and their entanglement is maintained.doi: 10.1038/nature16073
Large anomalous Hall effect in a non-collinear antiferromagnet at room temperature p.212
The Hall effect is sometimes encountered in ferromagnetic materials in the absence of an external magnetic field; this so-called anomalous Hall effect is now reported in the antiferromagnetic material Mn3Sn, where it occurs as a consequence of the unusual and complex arrangement of the constituent magnetic moments.doi: 10.1038/nature15723
Liquids with permanent porosity p.216
Porous materials find use in applications such as gas separation, drug delivery and energy storage, but have hitherto been solid rather than liquid; now a combination of cage molecules and a crown-ether solvent that cannot enter the cage molecules is used to create a porous liquid that can solubilize methane gas better than non-porous liquids.doi: 10.1038/nature16072
Plate tectonics on the Earth triggered by plume-induced subduction initiation p.221
High-resolution three-dimensional thermomechanical simulations of Earth's lithosphere indicate that mantle plumes could have initiated the first subduction zones, but only in the hotter early Earth for old oceanic plates.doi: 10.1038/nature15752
Widespread exploitation of the honeybee by early Neolithic farmers p.226
Detection of molecular biomarkers characteristic of beeswax in pottery vessels at archaeological sites reveals that humans have exploited bee products (such as beeswax and honey) at least 9,000 years ago since the beginnings of agriculture.doi: 10.1038/nature15757
Deep-time evolution of regeneration and preaxial polarity in tetrapod limb development p.231
Salamanders are the only tetrapod that can fully regenerate their limbs and tail, a capacity that might be linked to their unique preaxial mode of limb development; here, data from fossils reveal the existence of preaxial polarity in various amphibians from the Carboniferous and Permian periods, suggesting that salamander-like regeneration is an ancient feature of tetrapods that was subsequently lost at least once in the lineage leading to amniotes.doi: 10.1038/nature15397
Global non-linear effect of temperature on economic production p.235
Economic productivity is shown to peak at an annual average temperature of 13 °C and decline at high temperatures, indicating that climate change is expected to lower global incomes more than 20% by 2100.doi: 10.1038/nature15725
Oxygen regulation of breathing through an olfactory receptor activated by lactate p.240
In addition to its role in olfaction, Olfr78 is involved in sensing hypoxia.doi: 10.1038/nature15721
Resensitizing daclatasvir-resistant hepatitis C variants by allosteric modulation of NS5A p.245
The drug daclatasvir (DCV), which inhibits the hepatitis C virus (HCV) non-structural protein 5A (NS5A), can successfully reduce viral load in patients; here, a combination of DCV and an NS5A analogue is shown to enhance DCV potency on multiple genotypes and overcome resistance in vitro and in a mouse model.doi: 10.1038/nature15711
Epigenetic silencing of TH1-type chemokines shapes tumour immunity and immunotherapy p.249
Treating ovarian cancer in mouse models with inhibitors for the epigenetic regulators EZH2 and DNMT1 increases the expression of the inflammatory chemokines CXCL9 and CXCL10, resulting in enhanced tumour infiltration by effector T cells, and slowed tumour progression.doi: 10.1038/nature15520
The DNA glycosylase AlkD uses a non-base-flipping mechanism to excise bulky lesions p.254
Crystal structures of the DNA glycosylase AlkD with DNA containing various modified bases show that neither substrate recognition nor catalysis use a base-flipping mechanism; instead, AlkD scans the phosphodeoxyribose backbone for increased cationic charge imparted by the alkylated base, and then uses the positive charge to facilitate cleavage of the glycosidic bond, thus explaining the specificity of AlkD for cationic lesions.doi: 10.1038/nature15728
Structure of a eukaryotic SWEET transporter in a homotrimeric complex p.259
The X-ray crystal structure is presented of a seven-transmembrane eukaryotic SWEET glucose transporter, revealing the link between seven-transmembrane eukaryotic SWEETs and their three-transmembrane bacterial homologues and providing insight into eukaryotic sugar transport mechanisms.doi: 10.1038/nature15391
