Money matters p.157
It is not how much people have, it is how much we know they have that stokes inequality.doi: 10.1038/525157b
Volume 525 Issue 7568
리서치 하이라이트
표지 기사： 글로벌 스캐일의 수목 밀도 지도
새로운 기능을 획득한 p53 돌연변이에 의한 종양 생성 촉진 작용
인간 감마 시크라테아제의 원자 구조 분석
고래 자리에 존재하는 작은 불규칙 은하계 WLM의 낮은 금속성
약 750 기가파스칼에서 오스뮴의 특성 변화
단백질–DNA 나노 와이어에 대한 컴퓨터 디자인
대기 중 얼음 핵 입자의 공급원이 되는 해양 생물 유래 유기 물질
견갑류 두개골 진화의 연결 고리를 제공하는 Eunotosaurus africanus화석
보상에 대한 예측 에러 수정과 관련된 복측피개영역 도파민 생성 뉴런
컨텐츠
Editorials
Keep a welcome p.157
The plight of a record number of refugees is something the West cannot ignore. Humanitarian values should be upheld, and people fleeing war and persecution must be offered protection.doi: 10.1038/525157a
Loaded language p.158
There can be more to a question than appears at first sight.doi: 10.1038/525158a
News
Autopsies reveal signs of Alzheimer's in growth-hormone patients p.165
Brain plaques may have been seeded by contaminated hormone extracts from cadavers.doi: 10.1038/525165a
US agencies plan research-ethics overhaul p.166
Long-awaited revision proposed for regulations governing studies of human subjects.doi: 10.1038/nature.2015.18309
Online security braces for quantum revolution p.167
Encryption fix begins in preparation for arrival of futuristic computers.doi: 10.1038/525167a
Germany claims success for elite universities drive p.168
Report praises US$5-billion scheme for making leading universities more competitive — but some smaller institutions have done just as well.doi: 10.1038/nature.2015.18312
Trillions of trees p.170
Survey of surveys finds 422 trees for every person on Earth.doi: 10.1038/525170a
News Features
a new method sweeps through structural biology p.172
Move over X-ray crystallography. Cryo-electron microscopy is kicking up a storm by revealing the hidden machinery of the cell.doi: 10.1038/525172a
Fishing for the first Americans p.176
Archaeology is moving underwater and along riverbanks to find clues left by the people who colonized the New World.doi: 10.1038/525176a
News & Views
Simple market models fail the test p.190
An analysis of energy markets with prices that vary according to demand finds that this market design unexpectedly serves to amplify, rather than dampen, fluctuations in power use.doi: 10.1038/nature15215
Countercurrents in lipid flow p.191
Two studies find that a lipid-exchange cycle mediates the enrichment of the lipid phosphatidylserine in the cell membrane compared with the membrane of an organelle called the endoplasmic reticulum, where the lipid is produced.doi: 10.1038/525191a
Amyloid-β pathology induced in humans p.193
People who died of the neurodegenerative condition Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease after treatment with cadaver-derived human growth hormone also developed some of the pathological traits of Alzheimer's disease. See Letter p.247doi: 10.1038/525193a
Sea-spray particles cause freezing in clouds p.194
Ice clouds in marine regions at high latitudes might form in warmer and drier air than was previously believed because of freezing induced by airborne particles that contain organic materials from ocean surface waters. See Letter p.234doi: 10.1038/525194a
Glimpse into a primitive stellar nursery p.195
The first well-resolved images of local-galaxy stellar nurseries that are poor in elements heavier than helium give the best picture yet of the conditions in which stars may have formed in the early Universe. See Letter p.218doi: 10.1038/525195a
How to catch rare cell types p.197
The development of an algorithm called RaceID enables the identification of rare cell types by single-cell RNA sequencing, even when they are part of a complex mixture of similar cells. See Letter p.251doi: 10.1038/nature15204
A moving target p.198
An in silico, three-dimensional model of tumour evolution suggests that cell motility is a key factor in the initial growth of a tumour mass. The model also reveals the dynamics of mutation spread. See Letter p.261doi: 10.1038/nature15210
Mutant p53 and chromatin regulation p.199
The finding that genes encoding enzymes that modify histone proteins are among the targets of certain mutant forms of the p53 protein sheds light on how these mutations cause cancer beyond p53 inactivation. See Article p.206doi: 10.1038/nature15212
Articles
Mapping tree density at a global scale p.201
Ground-sourced tree density data is assembled to provide a global map of tree density, which reveals that there are three trillion trees (tenfold more than previous estimates); tree numbers have declined by nearly half since the start of human civilization and over 15 billion trees are lost on an annual basis.doi: 10.1038/nature14967
Gain-of-function p53 mutants co-opt chromatin pathways to drive cancer growth p.206
A ChIP-seq analysis of the DNA-binding properties of mutant gain-of-function p53 protein compared to wild-type p53 reveals the gain-of-function proteins bind to and activate a distinct set of genes including chromatin modifying enzymes such as the histone methyltransferase MLL; small molecular inhibitors of MLL function may represent a new target for cancers with mutant p53.doi: 10.1038/nature15251
An atomic structure of human γ-secretase p.212
The atomic structure of human γ-secretase at 3.4 Å resolution, determined by single-particle cryo-electron microscopy.doi: 10.1038/nature14892
Letters
Dense cloud cores revealed by CO in the low metallicity dwarf galaxy WLM p.218
To understand the birth of stars, observations of the clouds in which they form are key; here, interferometric observations are reported of carbon monoxide clouds in the galaxy WLM, which has a metallicity that is 13 per cent of the value of our Sun.doi: 10.1038/nature14901
Quadrature squeezed photons from a two-level system p.222
Measurements of a steady emission of single photons from a quantum dot demonstrate that the fluctuations of the electric field can periodically be 3% below the fundamental quantum limit and confirm the long-standing prediction that the quantum state of single photons can be squeezed.doi: 10.1038/nature14868
The most incompressible metal osmium at static pressures above 750 gigapascals p.226
Subtle anomalies in how the structure of metallic osmium evolves with pressure are detected using powder X-ray diffraction measurements at ultra-high static pressures; the anomaly at 440 gigapascals is attributed to an electronic transition caused by pressure-induced interactions between core electrons.doi: 10.1038/nature14681
Computational design of co-assembling protein–DNA nanowires p.230
Computational protein design is used to create a protein–DNA co-assembling nanomaterial; by varying the arrangement of protein-binding sites on the double-stranded DNA, a ‘nanowire’ with single-molecule width can be spontaneously formed by mixing the protein and double-stranded DNA building blocks.doi: 10.1038/nature14874
A marine biogenic source of atmospheric ice-nucleating particles p.234
The presence of ice in clouds can influence cloud lifetime, precipitation and radiative properties; here, organic material at the sea–air interface, possibly associated with phytoplankton cell exudates, is shown to nucleate ice under conditions relevant for ice cloud formation in the atmospheric environment.doi: 10.1038/nature14986
Evolutionary origin of the turtle skull p.239
Computed tomography and phylogenetic analysis of the Eunotosaurus africanus skull suggests that not only is Eunotosaurus an early relative of the group that eventually evolved into turtles, but that it is also a diapsid caught in the act of evolving towards a secondarily anapsid state.doi: 10.1038/nature14900
Arithmetic and local circuitry underlying dopamine prediction errors p.243
Dopamine neurons in the ventral tegmental area calculate reward prediction error by subtracting input from neighbouring GABA neurons.doi: 10.1038/nature14855
Evidence for human transmission of amyloid-β pathology and cerebral amyloid angiopathy p.247
More than two hundred individuals developed Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease (CJD) worldwide as a result of treatment, typically in childhood, with human cadaveric pituitary-derived growth hormone contaminated with prions
doi: 10.1038/nature15369
Single-cell messenger RNA sequencing reveals rare intestinal cell types p.251
An algorithm that allows rare cell type identification in a complex population of single cells, based on single-cell mRNA-sequencing, is applied to mouse intestinal cells, revealing novel subtypes of enteroendocrine cells and showing that the Lgr5-expressing population consists of a homogenous stem cell population with a few rare secretory cells, including Paneth cells.doi: 10.1038/nature14966
Distinct EMT programs control normal mammary stem cells and tumour-initiating cells p.256
This study finds that the epithelial-to-mesenchymal (EMT) transition program, which is common to both mammary gland reconstituting stem cells and mammary tumour-initiating cells, is differentially regulated by two distinct EMT factors, Slug and Snail; the findings illustrate that although they appear similar, normal tissue stem cells and tumour-initiating cells are controlled by distinct regulatory processes.doi: 10.1038/nature14897
A spatial model predicts that dispersal and cell turnover limit intratumour heterogeneity p.261
A new model of tumour evolution is presented to explain how short-range migration and cell turnover within the tumour can provide the basic environment of rapid cell mixing, allowing even a small selective advantage to dominate the mass within relevant time frames.doi: 10.1038/nature14971
Allosteric receptor activation by the plant peptide hormone phytosulfokine p.265
Insights derived from the crystal structures of the extracellular domain of PSKR, the receptor for the plant hormone phytosulfokine (PSK) that affects plant growth and development, reveal that PSK interacts with PSKR and enhances PSKR interaction with its co-receptor SERK allosterically.doi: 10.1038/nature14858
Structural basis of JAZ repression of MYC transcription factors in jasmonate signalling p.269
Structural view of a dynamic molecular switch mechanism that governs repression and activation of the jasmonate plant hormone pathway.doi: 10.1038/nature14661
Real-time observation of the initiation of RNA polymerase II transcription p.274
A single-molecule optical tweezer assay is developed to monitor transcription initiation in eukaryotic RNA polymerase II in real-time, making use of a highly purified preinitiation complex (PIC) from yeast; observations show that a large bubble is opened up in the DNA template during initiation, driven by the TFIIH helicase that forms part of the PIC, along with synthesis of an extended transcript before the transition from transcription initiation into elongation.doi: 10.1038/nature14882
