Publish or perish p.259
Universities should release reports to show what they are doing to tackle misconduct — and funders should help them to do so effectively.doi: 10.1038/521259a
Volume 521 Issue 7552
리서치 하이라이트
표지 기사： 케냐 로메크위 3 발굴 지역에서 발견된 3백 3십만 년 전 석
무질서 상태에 대한 결정 구조 분석
새로운 형태의 다능성 상태에 있는 rsPSC
도파민 전달체에 의한 신경 전달 물질 및 향정신성 약물의 전달과 관련된 결정 구조 분석
새로 생성된 Ia형 초신성으로부터 방출되는 강력한 자외선 펄스
압축된 진동 웨이브포켓을 가진 스핀-모션 얽힘 및 상태 진단
진핵 세포 프로모터에서의 발현 노이즈와 돌연변이 영향의 차이
청각 구분 실험에서 확인된 대뇌 피질의 선택적 유연성
iPS 세포에서 재프로그램화 및 기계적인 특성에 관련된 새로운 전사 조절인자 확인
급성 림프구성 백혈병에서 네거티브 B세포 선택에 관여하는 신호전달 경로
컨텐츠
Editorials
A patent problem p.259
Making lawsuits more risky for patent trolls is just one way to stop abuse of the system.doi: 10.1038/521259b
The kill switch p.260
Brain researchers and social scientists are well placed to find out what makes humans murder.doi: 10.1038/521260a
News
Engineered yeast paves way for home-brew heroin p.267
Advance holds potential for better opiate painkillers — but raises concerns about illicit use.doi: 10.1038/251267a
Aid burst lifts people out of extreme poverty p.269
Huge experiment across six nations shows lasting benefits from short-term support.doi: 10.1038/nature.2015.17560
Congress seeks to quash patent trolls p.270
Revised legislation would spare universities from being penalized in the same way as unscrupulous companies.doi: 10.1038/521270a
UK universities slow to publish reports of misconduct investigations p.271
Few institutions have followed research integrity guidelines to the letter.doi: 10.1038/nature.2015.17559
Billion-dollar particle collider gets thumbs up p.272
Proposed US electron–ion smasher wins endorsement from influential nuclear-science panel.doi: 10.1038/521272a
Russia turns screw on science foundation p.273
Ministry of Justice threatens to label Dynasty Foundation a ‘foreign agent’.doi: 10.1038/521273a
News Features
Blame it on the antibodies p.274
Antibodies are the workhorses of biological experiments, but they are littering the field with false findings. A few evangelists are pushing for change.doi: 10.1038/521274a
What is really real? p.278
A wave of experiments is probing the root of quantum weirdness.doi: 10.1038/521278a
News & Views
Tools go back in time p.294
The finding of 3.3-million-year-old stone flints, cores, hammers and anvils in Kenya suggests that the first stone tools were made by human ancestors that pre-dated the earliest known members of the genus Homo. See Article p.310doi: 10.1038/521294a
Squeezed ions in two places at once p.295
Experiments on a trapped calcium ion have again exposed the strange nature of quantum phenomena, and could pave the way for sensitive techniques to explore the boundary between the quantum and classical worlds. See Letter p.336doi: 10.1038/521295a
Asymmetric rejuvenation p.296
Organelles called mitochondria are asymmetrically apportioned to the daughters of dividing stem cells according to mitochondrial age. This finding sheds light on the mechanisms underlying asymmetric stem-cell division.doi: 10.1038/521296a
Magnetic alloys break the rules p.298
A family of alloys has been discovered that undergoes unexpected changes of shape when magnetized. This strange behaviour might help in unravelling the mystery of a phenomenon called magnetic hysteresis. See Letter p.340doi: 10.1038/521298a
Equilibrium established p.299
Pluripotent cells can produce all cell types in the body. It emerges that this state of potential is endowed by cues, including inhibition of Wnt signalling, that maintain a balance between diverse cellular outcomes. See Article p.316doi: 10.1038/521299a
Splicing does the two-step p.300
An intricate recursive RNA splicing mechanism that removes especially long introns (non-coding sequences) from genes has been found to be evolutionarily conserved and more prevalent than previously thought. See Letters p.371 & p.376doi: 10.1038/nature14524
Review
The crystallography of correlated disorder p.303
Although classical crystallography is insufficient to determine disordered structure in crystals, correlated disorder does nevertheless contain clear crystallographic signatures that map to the type of disorder, which we are learning to decipher.doi: 10.1038/nature14453
Articles
3.3-million-year-old stone tools from Lomekwi 3, West Turkana, Kenya p.310
Tool making has been considered to be an attribute of the genus Homo; this paper reports 3.3-million-year-old stone tools and the early timing of these tools provides evidence that the making and use of stone tools by hominins occurred before the evolution of our own genus.doi: 10.1038/nature14464
An alternative pluripotent state confers interspecies chimaeric competency p.316
A previously unknown type of stem cell that can engraft in specific regions of the mouse epiblast is described; these region-selective pluripotent stem cells display notable intra- and inter-specific chimaera competency and will help to further our understanding of mammalian development.doi: 10.1038/nature14413
Neurotransmitter and psychostimulant recognition by the dopamine transporter p.322
Here the X-ray crystal structures of the Drosophila dopamine transporter bound to dopamine, D-amphetamine, methamphetamine and cocaine are solved; these structures show how a neurotransmitter, small molecule stimulants and cocaine bind to a biogenic amine transporter, and are examples of how the ligand binding site of a neurotransmitter transporter can remodel itself to accommodate structurally unrelated small molecules that are different in shape, size and polarity or charge.doi: 10.1038/nature14431
Letters
A strong ultraviolet pulse from a newborn type Ia supernova p.328
Observations of declining ultraviolet emission from a type Ia supernova within four days of the explosion are as expected if material ejected by the supernova collided with a companion star, supporting the single degenerate channel model of supernova progenitors.doi: 10.1038/nature14440
No signature of ejecta interaction with a stellar companion in three type Ia supernovae p.332
The explosion of a type Ia supernova could be triggered either by accretion from a companion—which should be indicated by brightening caused by interaction of supernova ejecta with the companion—or by a merger with a white dwarf or other small star; here observations by the Kepler mission of three type Ia supernovae reveal no such brightening, leading to the conclusion that they were triggered by a merger.doi: 10.1038/nature14455
Spin–motion entanglement and state diagnosis with squeezed oscillator wavepackets p.336
A single atom is used to create squeezed ‘Schrödinger’s cat’ states, which could be useful for quantum computation and interferometry.doi: 10.1038/nature14458
Non-Joulian magnetostriction p.340
Typical ferromagnets elongate and contract anisotropically when placed in a magnetic field but conserve the overall volume, an effect known as Joule magnetostriction; here, a new effect is observed in Fe–Ga alloys—large non-volume-conserving or non-Joulian magnetostriction—which has not previously been observed in any magnet.doi: 10.1038/nature14459
Selection on noise constrains variation in a eukaryotic promoter p.344
Quantifying activity of cis-regulatory sequences controlling gene expression shows that selection on expression noise has a greater impact on sequence variation than selection on mean expression level.doi: 10.1038/nature14244
Selective corticostriatal plasticity during acquisition of an auditory discrimination task p.348
During an auditory discrimination task in rats, synaptic inputs representing either high or low sound frequencies from the cortex to the striatum are specifically strengthened, depending on reward contingencies.doi: 10.1038/nature14225
Early reprogramming regulators identified by prospective isolation and mass cytometry p.352
Identification of transient early induced pluripotency reprogramming intermediates allows for mechanistic insight into the reprogramming process.doi: 10.1038/nature14274
Signalling thresholds and negative B-cell selection in acute lymphoblastic leukaemia p.357
This study shows that, despite malignant transformation, autoimmune checkpoints are still functional in B-cell leukaemia, with targeted activation of these checkpoints effectively killing patient-derived B-cell leukaemia in a transplant model; the results represent a novel strategy to overcome drug resistance in leukaemia patients.doi: 10.1038/nature14231
Lipid nanoparticle siRNA treatment of Ebola-virus-Makona-infected nonhuman primates p.362
Ebola-virus-targeting short interfering RNAs (siRNAs) encapsulated in lipid nanoparticles are adapted to the current outbreak strain of the virus, and the siRNA cocktail is shown to protect nonhuman primates fully when administered 3 days after challenge with the current West African Ebola virus isolate; upon viral sequence data availability, the drug can be adapted to the new virus and produced in as little as 8 weeks.doi: 10.1038/nature14442
Pioneer factors govern super-enhancer dynamics in stem cell plasticity and lineage choice p.366
An analysis of mouse skin reveals that super-enhancers are critical to identity, lineage commitment and plasticity of adult stem cells; dynamic super-enhancer remodelling in new niches is dependent on the levels of pioneer transcription factor SOX9, which is identified as a key regulator of super-enhancer chromatin for hair follicle stem cells.doi: 10.1038/nature14289
Recursive splicing in long vertebrate genes p.371
Highly conserved recursive splice sites are identified in vertebrates, particularly within long genes encoding proteins that are involved in neuronal development; analysis of the splicing mechanism reveals that such recursive splicing sites can be used to dictate different mRNA isoforms.doi: 10.1038/nature14466
Genome-wide identification of zero nucleotide recursive splicing in Drosophila p.376
In flies, some introns contain internal splice sites that cause ‘recursive splicing’, a multi-step removal of a single intron; this study demonstrates that the scope of this regulatory mechanism is much more extensive in flies than had been appreciated, and provides details about the recursive splicing process.doi: 10.1038/nature14475
