An array of problems p.129
Political interference in the selection process for the headquarters of the Square Kilometre Array should not go unchallenged.doi: 10.1038/519129a
Volume 519 Issue 7542
리서치 하이라이트
표지 기사： 완신세에서 인류세로의 전환에 대한 지질학적 기록
고해상도 개통 추적 기술을 이용한 진화 다이나믹스 정량 분석
CRISPR-Cas 적응 동안 얻어진 바이러스 타깃에 대한 Cas9 특이적 활성
엔켈라투스 상에서 현재도 진행되고 있는 열수 활성
초저온 원자를 포함하는 허브바드 모델에서 반-강자성 연관성 관측
대기 온도 상승에 의한 북아메리카 경수 호수로부터의 이산화탄소 방출 감소
발달 장애와 관련된 새로운 유전자 돌연변이 확인
생쥐 뇌간의 위둔덕에 있는 방향 감각 세포의 기능적 구조
초파리에서 집단적인 행동을 유도하는 기계 감각적 상호작용
가짜 알러지 약물 반응에 중요한 역할을 하는 비만 세포 수용체 확인
컨텐츠
Editorials
All in good time p.129
Stratigraphers have yet to decide whether the Anthropocene is a new unit of geological time.doi: 10.1038/519129b
In the beginning p.130
As the first true science journal marks 350 years, we must defend scholarly pursuits.doi: 10.1038/519130a
News
Flu genomes trace H7N9 evolution p.137
But surveillance of avian influenza viruses is patchy and slow.doi: 10.1038/519137a
Mistrust and meddling unsettles US science agency p.138
National Science Foundation under pressure from lawmakers to revise its agenda.doi: 10.1038/519138a
DNA mutation clock proves tough to set p.139
Geneticists meet to work out why the rate of change in the genome is so hard to pin down.doi: 10.1038/519139a
World’s whaling slaughter tallied p.140
Commercial hunting wiped out almost three million animals last century.doi: 10.1038/519140a
LHC 2.0: A new view of the Universe p.142
As the Large Hadron Collider switches on again, a graphical guide to what it might find.doi: 10.1038/519142a
News Features
The human age p.144
Momentum is building to establish a new geological epoch that recognizes humanity's impact on the planet. But there is fierce debate behind the scenes.doi: 10.1038/519144a
Wars without end p.148
The world is full of bloody conflicts that can drag on for decades. Some researchers are trying to find resolutions through complexity science.doi: 10.1038/19148a
News & Views
Enceladus' hot springs p.162
The detection of silicon-rich particles originating from Saturn's moon Enceladus suggests that water–rock interactions are currently occurring inside it — the first evidence of ongoing hydrothermal activity beyond Earth. See Letter p.207doi: 10.1038/519162a
Disarming Wnt p.163
The secreted enzyme Notum has been found to inhibit the Wnt signalling pathway through removal of a lipid that is linked to the Wnt protein and that is required for activation of Wnt receptor proteins. See Article p.187doi: 10.1038/nature14208
Fitness tracking for adapting populations p.164
A method for tracking the descendants of hundreds of thousands of yeast cells in an evolving population reveals that thousands of individuals contribute to early increases in population-wide fitness. See Article p.181doi: 10.1038/nature14207
How bacteria get spacers from invaders p.166
Bacteria use CRISPR–Cas systems to develop immunity to viruses. Details of how these systems select viral DNA fragments and integrate them into bacterial DNA to create a memory of invaders have now been reported. See Articles p.193 & p.199doi: 10.1038/nature14204
Black carbon and atmospheric feedbacks p.167
Climate simulations show that interactions between particles of black carbon and convective and cloud processes in the atmosphere must be considered when assessing the full climatic effects of these light-absorbing particulates.doi: 10.1038/519167a
The origin of terrestrial hearing p.168
A study of the African lungfish reveals that it has a rudimentary ability to detect pressure waves caused by sound. The finding expands our knowledge of how hearing evolved in early tetrapods, the first vertebrates to have limbs and digits.doi: 10.1038/519168a
Perspective
Defining the Anthropocene p.171
Formal criteria must be met to define a new human-driven epoch; the geological evidence appears to do so, with 1610 and 1964 both likely to satisfy the requirements for the start of the Anthropocene.doi: 10.1038/nature14258
Articles
Quantitative evolutionary dynamics using high-resolution lineage tracking p.181
Random DNA barcodes were used to simultaneously track hundreds of thousands of lineages in large cell populations, revealing deterministic dynamics early in their evolution.doi: 10.1038/nature14279
Notum deacylates Wnt proteins to suppress signalling activity p.187
The biochemical activity of Notum as a carboxylesterase that removes an essential lipid moiety from Wnt proteins is uncovered; the interaction of Notum with glypicans is required to ensure localization at the cell surface, and Notum may provide a new target for therapeutic development in diseases with defective Wnt signalling.doi: 10.1038/nature14259
Integrase-mediated spacer acquisition during CRISPR–Cas adaptive immunity p.193
The bacterial CRISPR/Cas system acquires short phage sequences known as spacers that integrate between CRISPR repeats and constitute a record of phage infection; this study shows that the Cas1–Cas2 complex is the minimal machinery required for spacer acquisition and the complex integrates oligonucleotide DNA substrates into acceptor DNA in a manner similar to retroviral integrases and DNA transposases with Cas 1 as the catalytic subunit and Cas2 acting to increase integration activity.doi: 10.1038/nature14237
Cas9 specifies functional viral targets during CRISPR–Cas adaptation p.199
Bacterial CRISPR–Cas loci acquire short phage sequences called spacers that integrate between DNA repeats and how these viral sequences are chosen was unknown; in these studies of the type II CRISPR–Cas system of Streptococcus pyogenes, the Cas9 nuclease known to inactivate invading viral DNA was found to be required for the selection of functional spacers during CRISPR immunity.doi: 10.1038/nature14245
Letters
Regulation of star formation in giant galaxies by precipitation, feedback and conduction p.203
Observations confirm models of galaxy cooling in which cold clouds precipitate out of hot gas via thermal instability, and the precipitation threshold is incorporated into a theoretical framework that explains how precipitation and thermal conduction regulate star formation.doi: 10.1038/nature14167
Ongoing hydrothermal activities within Enceladus p.207
Analysis of silicon-rich, nanometre-sized dust particles near Saturn shows them to consist of silica, which was initially embedded in icy grains emitted from Enceladus’ subsurface waters and released by sputter erosion in Saturn’s E ring; their properties indicate their ongoing formation and transport by high-temperature hydrothermal reactions from the ocean floor and up into the plume of Enceladus.doi: 10.1038/nature14262
Observation of antiferromagnetic correlations in the Hubbard model with ultracold atoms p.211
Ultracold atomic gases in optical lattices potentially offer simulations of condensed-matter phenomena beyond what theory and computations can access; compensated optical lattice techniques applied to the Hubbard model now enable unprecedented low temperatures to be reached for fermions — only 1.4 times that of the antiferromagnetic phase transition, approaching the limits of present modelling techniques.doi: 10.1038/nature14223
Decrease in CO2 efflux from northern hardwater lakes with increasing atmospheric warming p.215
Atmospheric warming may reduce CO2 emissions from hardwater lakes by reducing the duration of ice cover, increasing lake water pH and favouring CO2 sequestration.doi: 10.1038/nature14172
Spatiotemporal transcriptomics reveals the evolutionary history of the endoderm germ layer p.219
Studies of gene-expression levels in embryos of Caenorhabditis elegant and of other phyla reveal the timing and location of expression of all genes and support a model in which the endoderm program dates back to the origin of multicellularity while the ectoderm originated as a secondary germ layer freed from ancestral feeding functions.doi: 10.1038/nature13996
Large-scale discovery of novel genetic causes of developmental disorders p.223
Up to half of children with severe developmental disorders of probable genetic origin remain without a genetic diagnosis; here, in a systematic and nationwide study of 1,133 children with severe, undiagnosed developmental disorders, and their parents, exome sequencing and array-based detection of chromosomal rearrangements reveals novel genes causing developmental disorders, increasing the proportion of children that can now be diagnosed to 31%.doi: 10.1038/nature14135
Orientation columns in the mouse superior colliculus p.229
Population recordings reveal that neurons in the mouse superior colliculus are grouped according to their preferred orientations or movement axes for visual line stimuli, similar to the columnar arrangement in visual cortex of higher mammals; this functional architecture suggests that the superior colliculus samples the visual world unevenly for stimulus orientations.doi: 10.1038/nature14103
Mechanosensory interactions drive collective behaviour in Drosophila p.233
Collective behaviour in animal groups can improve individual perception and decision-making, but the neural mechanisms involved have been hard to access in classic models for these phenomena; here it is shown that Drosophila’s olfactory responses are enhanced in groups of flies, through mechanosensory neuron-dependent touch interactions.doi: 10.1038/nature14024
Identification of a mast-cell-specific receptor crucial for pseudo-allergic drug reactions p.237
Cationic substances, including some drugs, can activate mast cells in an IgE-independent manner, leading to histamine release, inflammation and airway contraction; here, the G-protein-coupled receptor MrgprB2, the orthologue of human MRGPRX2, is shown to be the sole mast cell receptor for these substances in mice.doi: 10.1038/nature14022
Group 2 innate lymphoid cells promote beiging of white adipose tissue and limit obesity p.242
Group 2 innate lymphoid cells are shown to have a critical role in energy homeostasis by producing methionine-enkephalin peptides in response to interleukin 33, thus promoting the beiging of white adipose tissue; increased numbers of beige (also known as brown-like or brite) fat cells in white adipose tissue leads to increased energy expenditure and decreased adiposity.doi: 10.1038/nature14115
Crystal structure of the human OX2 orexin receptor bound to the insomnia drug suvorexant p.247
The orexin system regulates sleep and arousal in humans, with orexin receptor antagonists becoming promising therapeutics for insomnia; now, the X-ray crystal structure of the human OX2 receptor in the presence of the insomnia drug suvorexant is solved.doi: 10.1038/nature14035
