Volume 501 Number 7467

Editorials

IPCCは、時間をかけて有益で立派な報告書をまとめてきたが、今後は方針を変更し、焦点を絞って、より迅速な研究、評価を目指すべきだ。

The final assessment p.281

The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change has provided invaluable evidence for policy-makers, but giant reports should give way to nimbler, more relevant research.

doi: 10.1038/501281a

作家Thomas Pynchonは、科学と芸術の互いに実りある融合が実現できることを示した。

Book smart p.282

Novelist Thomas Pynchon shows that science and art can combine, with mutual benefit.

doi: 10.1038/501282b

暗号分野の専門家と立法府は、インターネットの安全性に対する信頼を取り戻すため、対策に取り組む必要がある。

Spooked p.282

Researchers and lawmakers must work to rebuild trust in secure Internet standards.

doi: 10.1038/501282a

News

ドイツの科学はメルケル首相の下で大きく伸びたが、次の選挙後には科学予算削減の恐れも。

Germany hits science high p.289

But election prompts fears that budgetary pressures may sap strong investment.

doi: 10.1038/501289a

コロンビアの研究者たちが、農地からの温室効果ガス放出を削減できる牧草の育種に成功。

Grass gets greener p.291

Plant secretion curbs greenhouse-gas emissions from soil.

doi: 10.1038/501291a

ALMA望遠鏡での労働条件をめぐるストライキが、チリの他の天文台にも波及する可能性が。

ALMA strike stirs up Chilean labour unions p.292

Other observatories watch for sharpened worker demands.

doi: 10.1038/501292a

イスラエルが、EU助成の占領地への拠出を認めないホライズン2020の規則をめぐり、強硬な拒否の姿勢を。

Israel in deadlock on Horizon 2020 p.293

Conciliation sought in talks on EU research guidelines.

doi: 10.1038/501293a

データ不足が、MERS(中東呼吸器症候群)コロナウイルスの研究の妨げに。

Progress stalled on coronavirus p.294

Lack of in-depth studies hampers efforts to identify source.

doi: 10.1038/501294a

News Features

地球の展望

Global warming: Outlook for earth p.297

気候変動の不確定要素と対策の必要性との間で難しい舵取り役を果たしてきたIPCCの、これまでとこれからを考える。

doi: 10.1038/501297a

IPCCの25年

Climate assessments: 25 years of the IPCC p.298

地球の気候の監視役を果たしてきたIPCCの歴史を振り返る。

doi: 10.1038/501298a

上げ潮

Climate science: Rising tide p.300

海面がどのくらいの範囲で、どのくらい速く、どの程度上昇するかを予測しようと、研究者たちは苦労を重ねている。

doi: 10.1038/501300a

気候変動問題の議長

IPCC: The climate chairman p.303

何百人もの専門家の意見をまとめるのは簡単ではないが、Ottmar Edenhoferは、着実に、そして哲学を持って、この責務を果たしている。

doi: 10.1038/501303a

News & Views

気候科学:休止の原因

Climate science: The cause of the pause p.318

東太平洋赤道域で観測された海洋表面の水温を要因として取り込んで作られた全球気候モデルは、近年の地球温暖化の休止に対する説明を与えてくれる。

doi: 10.1038/501318a

発生神経科学:ヒト脳のミニチュア

Developmental neuroscience: Miniature human brains p.319

自己組織化する三次元組織を幹細胞を使って作り出せることが実証された。発生中のヒト脳を模倣するこの組織は、神経発生障害のモデルを作製するのに使用できる。

doi: 10.1038/nature12552

海洋学:深海の山岳波

Oceanography: Mountain waves in the deep ocean p.321

内部山岳波は、大洋の動態を作り出すのに関わっており、深海の混合に大きく寄与している可能性がある。これらは、こうした波を次世代気候モデルに取り込むことを真剣に考慮する根拠となる。

doi: 10.1038/501321a

寄生虫学:相手より一歩先んじる分子

Parasitology: Molecular one-upmanship p.322

病原体とその宿主は、果てしなく軍拡競争を続けている。病原性のトリパノソーマと、高密度リポタンパク質を含むヒト免疫複合体の1つも、そうした進化的にらみ合いを繰り広げている。

doi: 10.1038/501322a

材料科学:出世街道一目散の太陽電池

Materials science: Fast-track solar cells p.323

太陽電池産業が目指す究極の目標は、太陽光を高効率で電気に変換する廉価なデバイスである。ペロブスカイト半導体の登場は、この目標に到達するための重要なステップと考えられる。

doi: 10.1038/nature12557

幹細胞:ダウン症候群と老化のつながり

Stem cells: Down's syndrome link to ageing p.325

ダウン症候群のモデルでは酵素のUSP16の量が3倍になるが、これが成体組織に常在する幹細胞の欠陥を作り出すことが分かった。この知見は、加齢の際の幹細胞恒常性についての手がかりを与えてくれる。

doi: 10.1038/nature12558

Articles

発生:脳オルガノイドはヒトの脳発生と小頭症のモデルになる

Cerebral organoids model human brain development and microcephaly p.373

Here the authors present a human pluripotent stem cell-derived three-dimensional organoid culture system that is able to recapitulate several aspects of human brain development in addition to modelling the brain disorder microcephaly, which has been difficult to achieve using mouse models.

doi: 10.1038/nature12517

細胞:Usp16はダウン症候群に見られる体性幹細胞の異常に関与する

Usp16 contributes to somatic stem-cell defects in Down’s syndrome p.380

An analysis of somatic tissues derived from mouse models of Down’s syndrome shows reduced self-renewal capacities in various cell types, with these defects partially dependent on triplication of the Usp16 gene; overexpression and knockout studies in human cells shows that USP16 has a role in Down’s syndrome-related proliferation defects, making this gene an attractive option for further study.

doi: 10.1038/nature12530

構造生物学:βバレル膜タンパク質の生合成に関する構造的知見

Structural insight into the biogenesis of β-barrel membrane proteins p.385

The crystal structure of BamA, the central component of the β-barrel assembly machinery (BAM) complex, from N. gonorrhoeae and H. ducreyi is determined; the structure consists of an interior cavity capped by extracellular loops, an exterior rim with a narrowed hydrophobic surface and a lateral opening of the barrel domain, providing insight into a possible route for the insertion of β-barrel membrane proteins into the bacterial outer membrane.

doi: 10.1038/nature12521

Letters

宇宙:銀河系中心に位置する超大質量ブラックホール周辺の強力な磁場

A strong magnetic field around the supermassive black hole at the centre of the Galaxy p.391

The unusually large Faraday rotation of a newly discovered pulsar indicates that there is a dynamically important magnetic field near the supermassive black hole believed to lie at the centre of the Milky Way.

doi: 10.1038/nature12499

工学:気相成長による効率の良いプレーナーヘテロ接合ペロブスカイト太陽電池

Efficient planar heterojunction perovskite solar cells by vapour deposition p.395

The use of organometal halide perovskites as the light-absorbing material in nanostructured solar cells has increased efficiency to practical levels; here it is shown that vapour deposition of the perovskite removes the need for complex nanostructures and will hence simplify large-scale manufacture.

doi: 10.1038/nature12509

ナノ材料:非常に安定な銀ナノ粒子

Ultrastable silver nanoparticles p.399

Silver nanoparticles are susceptible to oxidation and have accordingly received less attention than gold nanoparticles; ultrastable silver nanoparticles are now reported, which can be produced in very large quantities as a single-sized molecular product, and the origins of their enhanced stability are elucidated using a single-crystal X-ray structure and first-principles calculations.

doi: 10.1038/nature12523

気候:太平洋赤道域表面の寒冷化と関連する近年の地球温暖化の休止

Recent global-warming hiatus tied to equatorial Pacific surface cooling p.403

Global warming has stalled since the late 1990s, puzzling researchers; here a climate model that includes observed sea surface temperatures in the eastern equatorial Pacific reproduces the hiatus as part of natural variation, suggesting that long-term global warming is likely to continue.

doi: 10.1038/nature12534

気候:トレーサー放出により測定されたドレーク海峡の中深度における等密度面を横切る急速な海洋混合

Rapid cross-density ocean mixing at mid-depths in the Drake Passage measured by tracer release p.408

An ocean tracer release in the Drake Passage, between South America and Antarctica, shows that its rough bottom topography causes greatly increased internal mixing, by a factor of about 20 at depths of around 1,500 metres.

doi: 10.1038/nature12432

遺伝:生殖細胞系列のミトコンドリアDNAの変異は老化を促進し、脳発生を障害し得る

Germline mitochondrial DNA mutations aggravate ageing and can impair brain development p.412

Mutations in mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) accumulate at a higher rate than mutations in nuclear DNA, and although somatic mtDNA mutations are known to be involved in mammalian ageing, the role of germline mutations in this process is unclear: here germline-transmitted mtDNA mutations are shown to be associated with ageing and brain malformations, and maternally transmitted mtDNA mutations may thus influence both development and ageing.

doi: 10.1038/nature12474

遺伝:生殖細胞におけるDNA損傷は全身的なストレス抵抗性の引き金となる自然免疫応答を誘導する

DNA damage in germ cells induces an innate immune response that triggers systemic stress resistance p.416

In Caenorhabditis elegans, genome instability in the form of exogenous and endogenous DNA damage in germ cells evokes elevated heat- and oxidative-stress resistance in somatic tissues; this is mediated by MPK-1, which triggers the induction of putative secreted peptides associated with innate immunity, leading to activation of the ubiquitin–proteasome system.

doi: 10.1038/nature12452

がん:細胞老化において代謝を合成致死的に標的とするがん治療

Synthetic lethal metabolic targeting of cellular senescence in cancer therapy p.421

In mice with Eµ-myc transgenic lymphomas in which therapy-induced senescence (TIS) depends on the H3K9 histone methyltransferase Suv39h1, TIS-competent lymphomas but not TIS-incompetent Suv39h1– lymphomas show increased glucose utilization and ATP production after senescence-inducing chemotherapy to cope with proteotoxic stress elicited by factors of the senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP); senescent cancers are selectively vulnerable to drugs that block glucose utilization or autophagy.

doi: 10.1038/nature12437

微生物学:細菌の定着因子は腸内微生物相の特異性および安定性を制御する

Bacterial colonization factors control specificity and stability of the gut microbiota p.426

Germ-free mice mono-associated with a single species of Bacteroides are found to be resistant to further colonization by the same, but not different, species; a unique class of polysaccharide utilization loci that is required for the penetration of the colonic mucus and colonization of the crypt channel niche is discovered that explains this observed species-specific saturable colonization.

doi: 10.1038/nature12447

医学:ガンビアトリパノソーマのヒト血清に対する抵抗性が生じる仕組み

Mechanism of Trypanosoma brucei gambiense resistance to human serum p.430

This study shows that Trypanosoma brucei gambiense resists trypanolytic factors (TLFs) in a multifactorial manner, relying on a hydrophobic β-sheet of the TgsGP glycoprotein, which prevents APOL1 toxicity and induces membrane stiffening, as well as a reduction in sensitivity to APOL1 requiring cysteine protease activity and TLF-1 receptor inactivation owing to a single amino acid substitution.

doi: 10.1038/nature12516

免疫:ヤツメウナギにおける第三のリンパ球系列の進化との関わり

Evolutionary implications of a third lymphocyte lineage in lampreys p.435

Cells expressing variable lymphocyte receptor C (VLRC) genes that encode VLRC receptors, which are used by jawless vertebrates to react with antigens, are defined as a second T-cell-like lymphocyte subset (the first being VLRA-bearing cells); distinct properties of these two T-cell-like subsets are reminiscent of the distinction between αβ and γδ T cells in jawed vertebrates.

doi: 10.1038/nature12467

免疫:ヒトモノクローナル抗体による4種類のパラミクソウイルスの交差中和

Cross-neutralization of four paramyxoviruses by a human monoclonal antibody p.439

A human monoclonal antibody has been identified which can cross-neutralize both human respiratory syncytial virus (HRSV) and human metapneumovirus (HMPV), demonstrating that a single monoclonal antibody can target different viruses, a discovery that may lead to the creation of new therapeutics and vaccines.

doi: 10.1038/nature12442

構造生物学:eagドメインによるKCNHチャネル調節の構造的機構

The structural mechanism of KCNH-channel regulation by the eag domain p.444

An X-ray crystal structure of two intracellular domains of a mouse KCNH voltage-dependent potassium channel, EAG1, is presented: the structure reveals that the eag domain interacts directly with the cyclic nucleotide-binding homology domain (CNBHD), and that many KCNH-associated disease mutations are localized to the eag domain–CNBHD interface.

doi: 10.1038/nature12487

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